經濟學家認為經濟學就是一門研究人們如何做選擇的社會科學,並且強調「可以
選擇」或「有選擇」本身就具有經濟效用(益),例如消費者的效用提高、消費
者剩餘增加、以又生產者更具生產效率等。請根據上述之論點,畫圖並說明(一)
致贈現金或等值的商品禮物;(二)從消費者觀點分析間接稅(貨物稅)之課稅負擔;
(三)固定產量下,長期生產成本小於短期生產成本。 (30 分)
總體經濟學中,有所謂的古典學派與凱因斯學派爭論,主要的差異即在於此二學
派對總體經濟現象有不同的假設,進而提出不同的總體經濟模型。(一)今( 民國
100)年初,中央銀行所宣稱的「雙率政策」中,利率的調升或調降,對總體經濟
的影響,此二學派有何不同的看法;(二)在古典學派的世界裡,所謂的「節儉的矛
盾」與「流動性陷阱」幾乎是不可能存在的,為什麼?反之,(三)在凱因斯學派的
世界裡,不可能會同時存在「高失業率與高物價膨脹率」(亦即,所謂的「停滯
性膨脹」,Stagflation),為什麼? (30 分)
Identify the reasons why the quantity demanded of a product increases as the price of
that product decreases.
as the price declines, the real income of the consumer increases
as the price of product A declines, it makes it more attractive than product B
as the price declines, the consumer will always demand more on each successive
price reduction
(A) and (B)
(A) and (C)
Trading partners should specialize production in accordance with comparative
advantage, then trade and diversify in consumption because
out-of-pocket costs of production decline
free trade areas protect infant industries
economies of scale are present
manufacturers face diminishing returns
more goods are available for consumption
Which of the following statements about cost functions is true?
Variable costs will always increase in direct proportion to the quantity of output
produced.
The less capital equipment employed in the production process relative to labor and
other inputs, the longer will be the period of time required to increase significantly
the scale of operation.
The shape of the firm’s long-run cost function is important in decisions to expand
the scale of operations..
none of the above
The difference between cooperative and non-cooperative games is
Cooperative games allow side payments to support collusion
non-cooperative games encourage communication of sensitive information between
arms-length competitors
cooperative games involve randomized behavior
cooperative games necessitate an explicit order of play
inconsequential except when players have contractual relationships
Effective oligopolistic collusion is more likely to occur when customer orders are
small, frequent, and received on a regular basis as compared with large orders that are
received infrequently at irregular intervals.
true
False
The marginal rate of technical substitution may be defined as all of the following
except:
the rate at which one input may be substituted for another input in the production
process, while total output remains constant
equal to the negative slope of the isoquant at any point on the isoquant
the rate at which all combinations of inputs have equal total costs
equal to the ratio of the marginal products of X and Y
(B) and (C)
implicit costs
explicit costs
normal return on investment
shareholder wealth
none of the above
The kinked demand curve model was developed to help explain :
fluctuations of prices in pure competition
rigidities observed in prices in oligopolistic industries
fluctuations observed in prices in oligopolistic industries
all of the above
none of the above
In the long-run, firms in a monopolistically competitive industry will
earn substantial economic profits
tend to just cover costs, including normal profits
seek to increase the scale of operations
seek to reduce the scale of operations
The factor(s) which cause(s) a movement along the demand curve include(s):
increase in level of advertising
decrease in price of complementary goods
increase in consumer disposable income
decrease in price of the good demanded
all of the above
Agency problems and costs are incurred whenever the owners of a firm delegate
decision-making authority to management.
true
false
In an open economy with few capital restrictions and substantial import-export trade, a
rise in interest rates and a decline in the producer price index of inflation will
raise the value of the currency
lower the nominal interest rate
increase the volume of trading in the foreign exchange market
lower the trade-weighted exchange rate
increase consumer inflation.
Which of the statements about price discrimination is (are) false?
It must be difficult to transfer the seller’s product from one market segment to
another.
It must be difficult to transfer the seller’s product from one market segment to
another.
Public utilities practice first-degree price discrimination.
There must be differences in the elasticity of demand from one segment to another.
(C) and (D)
The opportunity cost of the funds an owner has invested in a business is the :
risk-free rate of return
rate of return on U.S. Treasury Bills
prime rate banks charge their most credit-worthy customers
(A) and (B)
none of the above
price
output
marketing strategy
inventory
none of the above
Which of the following statements concerning the price elasticity of demand is (are)
true?
The greater the number of substitute goods, the more price elastic the demand for
the roduct.
The demand for durable goods tends to be more price elastic than the demand for
nondurables.
The demand for relatively low-priced goods tends to be more price elastic than the
demand for expensive items.
(A) and (B) only
(A), (B), and (C)
Transfer prices in a multiproduct divisionalized firm :
serve as a measure of the marginal value of resources employed when making
price-output decisions that will maximize profits
cannot be determined whenever one division sells its products both internally to
another division and externally in a perfectly competitive market
serves as a measure of the overall value of the resource employed in the division
when analyzing the performance of the division
(A) and (C) only
(A), (B), and (C)
The rate at which one input X may be substituted for another input Y in a production
process, while total output remains constant, is:
the slope of the isoquant curve
the marginal rate of technical substitution (MRTS)
all of the above
none of the above
An excellent example of a risk-free security is
General Motors bonds
AT&T commercial paper
U.S. Government Treasury bills
North Carolina municipal bonds
a certificate of deposit for $150,000 held in a commercial bank
A dominant strategy differs from a Nash equilibrium strategy in that
Nash equilibrium strategy does not assume best reply responses
dominant strategy assumes best reply responses
only Nash strategy applies to simultaneous games
one dominant strategy is sufficient to predict behavior in a multi-person game
Nash strategy is often unique
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