104年公務人員特種考試法務部調查局調查人員三等

1.: Conduct and attitude appropriate and respectable for an athlete, especially grace in losing, can best be termed .
(A): philosophy
(B): religion
(C): sportsmanship
(D): relationship

2.: Burnout is a general feeling of when a person experiences too much stress.
(A): relaxation
(B): donation
(C): exhaustion
(D): aspiration

3.: As far as global energy consumption is concerned, there is a positive between wealth and energy consumption.
(A): contradiction
(B): correlation
(C): isolation
(D): detension

4.: Mr. Lin had ignored his doctor’s advice for years, and got a heart stroke last month. He now has to to a strict diet in order to maintain his health.
(A): detach
(B): present
(C): adhere
(D): include

5.: New-born deer have the ability to walk. When they are just born, they immediately move their legs and try to walk, even though quite unsteadily at first.
(A): incidental
(B): desperate
(C): mature
(D): innate

6.: 請依下文回答第6 題至第10 題：
Preschoolers and kindergartners represent one of the fastest-growing markets for after-school tutors. Parents think that if their kids learn to read before first grade, it will ultimately help them get into college and get good jobs. 6 moms and dads are no longer satisfied with traditional nursery school which focuses on learning through play. And of course, after years of Baby Einstein marketing, some parents have become 7 that the more math and reading skills their children master, the better. One mom began sending her daughter to after-school tutoring shortly before the child’s third birthday. To the mom’s 8 , after only a few weeks, the child was found not only counting the 14 dots on her homework work sheet but also writing the number 14 beside them. Because of such a quick effect, after-school tutoring services geared toward small children are popping up everywhere. This phenomenon may be intensified by a study published recently. Researchers who examined long-term data on 36,000 preschoolers found that the best 9 of success in later school years was in entering kindergarten with elementary math and reading skills, although experts did caution that these findings should not be taken as 10 of academic drills for preschoolers. According to the research, the kinds of skills that matter in affecting later learning are such basics as the knowledge of letters and the order of numbers. These are things parents can pretty easily convey to their children at home. There is really no need to expect too much too soon and hurt the child’s ability to become lifelong learners.
(A): anxious
(B): handsome
(C): foreign
(D): divorced

7.: 請依下文回答第6 題至第10 題：
Preschoolers and kindergartners represent one of the fastest-growing markets for after-school tutors. Parents think that if their kids learn to read before first grade, it will ultimately help them get into college and get good jobs. 6 moms and dads are no longer satisfied with traditional nursery school which focuses on learning through play. And of course, after years of Baby Einstein marketing, some parents have become 7 that the more math and reading skills their children master, the better. One mom began sending her daughter to after-school tutoring shortly before the child’s third birthday. To the mom’s 8 , after only a few weeks, the child was found not only counting the 14 dots on her homework work sheet but also writing the number 14 beside them. Because of such a quick effect, after-school tutoring services geared toward small children are popping up everywhere. This phenomenon may be intensified by a study published recently. Researchers who examined long-term data on 36,000 preschoolers found that the best 9 of success in later school years was in entering kindergarten with elementary math and reading skills, although experts did caution that these findings should not be taken as 10 of academic drills for preschoolers. According to the research, the kinds of skills that matter in affecting later learning are such basics as the knowledge of letters and the order of numbers. These are things parents can pretty easily convey to their children at home. There is really no need to expect too much too soon and hurt the child’s ability to become lifelong learners.
(A): contradicted
(B): convinced
(C): confronted
(D): converted

8.: 請依下文回答第6 題至第10 題：
Preschoolers and kindergartners represent one of the fastest-growing markets for after-school tutors. Parents think that if their kids learn to read before first grade, it will ultimately help them get into college and get good jobs. 6 moms and dads are no longer satisfied with traditional nursery school which focuses on learning through play. And of course, after years of Baby Einstein marketing, some parents have become 7 that the more math and reading skills their children master, the better. One mom began sending her daughter to after-school tutoring shortly before the child’s third birthday. To the mom’s 8 , after only a few weeks, the child was found not only counting the 14 dots on her homework work sheet but also writing the number 14 beside them. Because of such a quick effect, after-school tutoring services geared toward small children are popping up everywhere. This phenomenon may be intensified by a study published recently. Researchers who examined long-term data on 36,000 preschoolers found that the best 9 of success in later school years was in entering kindergarten with elementary math and reading skills, although experts did caution that these findings should not be taken as 10 of academic drills for preschoolers. According to the research, the kinds of skills that matter in affecting later learning are such basics as the knowledge of letters and the order of numbers. These are things parents can pretty easily convey to their children at home. There is really no need to expect too much too soon and hurt the child’s ability to become lifelong learners.
(A): disappointment
(B): determination
(C): delight
(D): disapproval

9.: 請依下文回答第6 題至第10 題：
Preschoolers and kindergartners represent one of the fastest-growing markets for after-school tutors. Parents think that if their kids learn to read before first grade, it will ultimately help them get into college and get good jobs. 6 moms and dads are no longer satisfied with traditional nursery school which focuses on learning through play. And of course, after years of Baby Einstein marketing, some parents have become 7 that the more math and reading skills their children master, the better. One mom began sending her daughter to after-school tutoring shortly before the child’s third birthday. To the mom’s 8 , after only a few weeks, the child was found not only counting the 14 dots on her homework work sheet but also writing the number 14 beside them. Because of such a quick effect, after-school tutoring services geared toward small children are popping up everywhere. This phenomenon may be intensified by a study published recently. Researchers who examined long-term data on 36,000 preschoolers found that the best 9 of success in later school years was in entering kindergarten with elementary math and reading skills, although experts did caution that these findings should not be taken as 10 of academic drills for preschoolers. According to the research, the kinds of skills that matter in affecting later learning are such basics as the knowledge of letters and the order of numbers. These are things parents can pretty easily convey to their children at home. There is really no need to expect too much too soon and hurt the child’s ability to become lifelong learners.
(A): evidence
(B): contract
(C): frame
(D): dedication

10.: 請依下文回答第6 題至第10 題：
Preschoolers and kindergartners represent one of the fastest-growing markets for after-school tutors. Parents think that if their kids learn to read before first grade, it will ultimately help them get into college and get good jobs. 6 moms and dads are no longer satisfied with traditional nursery school which focuses on learning through play. And of course, after years of Baby Einstein marketing, some parents have become 7 that the more math and reading skills their children master, the better. One mom began sending her daughter to after-school tutoring shortly before the child’s third birthday. To the mom’s 8 , after only a few weeks, the child was found not only counting the 14 dots on her homework work sheet but also writing the number 14 beside them. Because of such a quick effect, after-school tutoring services geared toward small children are popping up everywhere. This phenomenon may be intensified by a study published recently. Researchers who examined long-term data on 36,000 preschoolers found that the best 9 of success in later school years was in entering kindergarten with elementary math and reading skills, although experts did caution that these findings should not be taken as 10 of academic drills for preschoolers. According to the research, the kinds of skills that matter in affecting later learning are such basics as the knowledge of letters and the order of numbers. These are things parents can pretty easily convey to their children at home. There is really no need to expect too much too soon and hurt the child’s ability to become lifelong learners.
(A): an endorsement
(B): an illusion
(C): an expression
(D): an enjoyment

11.: The forensic team worked day and night looking for clues and evidence to the truth about the murder.
(A): trigger
(B): ascend
(C): discern
(D): orient

12.: you have been to the lecture, can you tell me what the speaker said?
(A): Just now
(B): Now that
(C): As much as
(D): As a result

13.: Professors at community college often have the same as university professors, but the latter are required to spend more time on research.
(A): systems
(B): credentials
(C): permission
(D): curricul

14.: To make sure that breakable items arrive safe and sound, boxes for such items are typically marked “ .”
(A): Safe
(B): Hands On
(C): Sturdy
(D): Fragile

15.: Foreign brides introduce the greatest population in Taiwan since the last great wave of immigration in 1949.
(A): break
(B): resistance
(C): shift
(D): modesty

16.: What do many digital ads in malls now do?
(A): Target specific people.
(B): Advertise special deals in stores.
(C): Show ads for screens and cameras.
(D): Feature consumers in the ads themselves.

17.: What is TRUE about targeted advertising?
(A): It doesn’t focus on teenagers.
(B): It isn’t popular with everyone.
(C): It allows consumers to shop from home.
(D): It shortens the time that people spend on shopping.

18.: What happened when a German supermarket chain started using RFID chips?
(A): Customers knew about each other’s purchasing histories.
(B): Shopping became more convenient for customers.
(C): Customers moved around the supermarkets more easily.
(D): Customers complained about their privacy being invaded.

19.: Why are these new technologies raising red flags?
(A): People don’t want to spend too much money.
(B): People often aren’t happy that they’re being watched.
(C): People start to feel annoyed by advertisement letters.
(D): People are jealous of the big companies’ profits.

20.: What is the best title for this passage?
(A): Data Collection vs. Shopping
(B): RFID Tracking Chips
(C): Technology vs. Privacy
(D): Customers’ Shopping Habits

21.: 請依下文回答第16 題至第21 題：
The enforcement of environmental laws has led to a new growth industry in real estate, one composed of experts in the field of environmental due diligence. Environmental laws and regulations are a critical part of any real estate transaction, whether   16    , sale, lease, or financing process.
The parties need to know whether the underlying real estate is contaminated and, if so, what effect contamination will have on the economics of the deal.
Environmental due diligence has become important for a number of reasons.   17    , for example, need to determine the costs associated with environmental contamination, such as leakage from an underground fuel tank.
   18    need to know whether contamination will prevent devel opment of the property or make it prohibitively expensive—asbestos abatement costs, for example, can significantly increase the cost of renovation work.
In all these cases, the parties need to know whether or not there is contamination and the estimated   19    cost.
Due diligence is not a new concept. For years, cautious purchasers of real estate, governed by the principle ''let the buyer beware,'' have undertaken   20    investigations. But the focus was different in earlier days.
State and federal environmental laws enacted in the 1980s changed the focus of this type of investigation. These laws   21    potential cleanup liability upon owners and operators of property, regardless of whether the parties were involved in causing the contamination.
(A): lease
(B): postpone
(C): compose
(D): impose

22.: 請依下文回答第 22 題至第 24 題:
Who says the American Dream is 22 ? Today the dream of owning a home is prevalent in many young people’s minds. But with today’s house prices, how can young people afford to buy their first home? When you apply for a 23 for your home, the bank will use a table to calculate the payment schedule.
Some banks are now making simplified 24 of these tables available to potential house-buyers to help them better understand the minefileds behind the payment schedule.
(A): existent
(B): functional
(C): moribund
(D): deep-rooted

23.: 請依下文回答第 22 題至第 24 題:
Who says the American Dream is 22 ? Today the dream of owning a home is prevalent in many young people’s minds. But with today’s house prices, how can young people afford to buy their first home? When you apply for a 23 for your home, the bank will use a table to calculate the payment schedule.
Some banks are now making simplified 24 of these tables available to potential house-buyers to help them better understand the minefileds behind the payment schedule.
(A): will
(B): debit
(C): mortgage
(D): liability

24.: 請依下文回答第 22 題至第 24 題:
Who says the American Dream is 22 ? Today the dream of owning a home is prevalent in many young people’s minds. But with today’s house prices, how can young people afford to buy their first home? When you apply for a 23 for your home, the bank will use a table to calculate the payment schedule.
Some banks are now making simplified 24 of these tables available to potential house-buyers to help them better understand the minefileds behind the payment schedule.
(A): impressions
(B): conditions
(C): versions
(D): locations

25.: 請依下文回答第 25 題至第 26 題:
Communication is a continual balancing act, juggling the conflicting needs for intimacy and independence. To survive in the world, we have to act in 25 with others.
But to survive as ourselves, we have to act alone. In some ways, all people are the same: we all eat, drink and sleep. But in some ways, each person is different, and individuals’ different wants and preferences may 26 with one another. Offered the same menu, people make different, independent choices.
(A): unit
(B): concert
(C): conflict
(D): discussion

26.: 請依下文回答第 25 題至第 26 題:
Communication is a continual balancing act, juggling the conflicting needs for intimacy and independence. To survive in the world, we have to act in 25 with others.
But to survive as ourselves, we have to act alone. In some ways, all people are the same: we all eat, drink and sleep. But in some ways, each person is different, and individuals’ different wants and preferences may 26 with one another. Offered the same menu, people make different, independent choices.
(A): flee
(B): drive
(C): alter
(D): collide

27.: Any discussion of ''manipulated'' photography must begin with the recognition that photography itself is an inherent manipulation, a manipulation of light, a process with many steps and stages, all subject to the biases and interpretations of the photographer, printer, editor, or viewer.
(A): Photography presents absolute reality.
(B): Photography is manipulated by the difference in light, and the photographer’s interpretation or editors’ views do not matter.
(C): The photographer manipulates the photograph to include views from the editor, printer and viewer.
(D): Photography is not unqualified truth; it is not purely objective.

28.: Tennis players, such as Serena Williams, tried to spice up their look with headbands, wristbands and the like, despite the white dress code of the tournament set since the late 1800s to reduce the appearance of sweat stains.
(A): Tennis players tried to bring some tasty food to the sport.
(B): Tennis players were naturally rebellious.
(C): The all-in-white dress code made the players look ugly.
(D): Tennis players tried to grab attention by wearing eye-catching accessories.

29.: 請依下文回答第 29 題至第 31 題:
Why should you choose to write historical novels? Are they more difficult? Yes, in some ways, but they also have advantages.
In writing historical you need the same skills as for any other novel,   29    plus the ability to do research . This is absolutely essential, and you need to be prepared for it and to enjoy doing it as much as you enjoy writing.
There is, of course, some research needed for all novels, but usually far more for historical. This is part of the pleasure for many writers, though many admit they are often carried away and pursue avenues that have nothing to do with their current book but intrinsically fascinating.
In the same way that   30   , writers like to do the same.
From a practical point of view, it is easier to write a series of novels set in the past than a series set in the present. Series can be profitable for writers once they acquire a faithful readership, and the setting can move forward in time almost indefinitely.
Then there is the possibility of endless variety of time and place from which the novelist can choose.   31    Some writers confine themselves to one period, others have setting from different times.
(A): especially the confidence to convince the publisher
(B): plus the ability to do research
(C): and it is better to be a publisher yourself
(D): plus the ability to see a market

30.: 請依下文回答第 29 題至第 31 題:
Why should you choose to write historical novels? Are they more difficult? Yes, in some ways, but they also have advantages.
In writing historical you need the same skills as for any other novel,   29    plus the ability to do research . This is absolutely essential, and you need to be prepared for it and to enjoy doing it as much as you enjoy writing.
There is, of course, some research needed for all novels, but usually far more for historical. This is part of the pleasure for many writers, though many admit they are often carried away and pursue avenues that have nothing to do with their current book but intrinsically fascinating.
In the same way that   30   , writers like to do the same.
From a practical point of view, it is easier to write a series of novels set in the past than a series set in the present. Series can be profitable for writers once they acquire a faithful readership, and the setting can move forward in time almost indefinitely.
Then there is the possibility of endless variety of time and place from which the novelist can choose.   31    Some writers confine themselves to one period, others have setting from different times.
(A): readers may want to make profit by reading historical stories
(B): readers may give up everything to finish reading the novel
(C): readers may befriend writers in reading
(D): readers may be seeking escapism by imagining they are living in the past

31.: 請依下文回答第 29 題至第 31 題:
Why should you choose to write historical novels? Are they more difficult? Yes, in some ways, but they also have advantages.
In writing historical you need the same skills as for any other novel,   29    plus the ability to do research . This is absolutely essential, and you need to be prepared for it and to enjoy doing it as much as you enjoy writing.
There is, of course, some research needed for all novels, but usually far more for historical. This is part of the pleasure for many writers, though many admit they are often carried away and pursue avenues that have nothing to do with their current book but intrinsically fascinating.
In the same way that   30   , writers like to do the same.
From a practical point of view, it is easier to write a series of novels set in the past than a series set in the present. Series can be profitable for writers once they acquire a faithful readership, and the setting can move forward in time almost indefinitely.
Then there is the possibility of endless variety of time and place from which the novelist can choose.   31    Some writers confine themselves to one period, others have setting from different times.
(A): We have the whole of history and the entire human race to explore.After all, they can always find historical gossips on the streets.
(B): After all, they can always find historical gossips on the streets.
(C): There are lots of mysterious events in the universe.
(D): We have almost explored everything.

32.: 請依下文回答第 32 題至第 36 題:
Years ago, many scientists assumed that a woman’s heart worked pretty much the same as a man’s. But as more women entered the male-dominated field of cardiology, many such assumptions vanished, opening the way for new approaches to research and treatment.
A similar shift is underway in the study of Alzheimer’s disease. It has long been known that more women than men get the deadly neurodegenerative disease, and an emerging body of research is challenging the common wisdom as to why. Although the question is by no means settled, recent findings suggest that biological, genetic and even cultural influences may play heavy roles.
Of the more than 5 million people in the United States who have been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s, the leading cause of dementia, two-thirds are women. Because advancing age is considered the biggest risk factor for the disease, researchers largely have attributed that disparity to women’s longer life spans. The average life expectancy for women is 81 years, compared with 76 for men. And even after taking age into account, women are more at risk.
With the number of Alzheimer’s cases in the United States expected to more than triple by 2050, there is a greater need to understand the underlying reasons women are more prone to the disease and to develop gender-specific treatments. The area of inquiry has been growing in part because of a push by female Alzheimer’s researchers, who have formed a group to advocate for a larger leadership role in the field and more gender-specific research.

32. Which of the following is widely considered the major cause of Alzheimer’s?
(A): Advanced age
(B): Cultural influences
(C): Genetic mutation
(D): Gender difference

33.: 請依下文回答第 32 題至第 36 題:
Years ago, many scientists assumed that a woman’s heart worked pretty much the same as a man’s. But as more women entered the male-dominated field of cardiology, many such assumptions vanished, opening the way for new approaches to research and treatment.
A similar shift is underway in the study of Alzheimer’s disease. It has long been known that more women than men get the deadly neurodegenerative disease, and an emerging body of research is challenging the common wisdom as to why. Although the question is by no means settled, recent findings suggest that biological, genetic and even cultural influences may play heavy roles.
Of the more than 5 million people in the United States who have been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s, the leading cause of dementia, two-thirds are women. Because advancing age is considered the biggest risk factor for the disease, researchers largely have attributed that disparity to women’s longer life spans. The average life expectancy for women is 81 years, compared with 76 for men. And even after taking age into account, women are more at risk.
With the number of Alzheimer’s cases in the United States expected to more than triple by 2050, there is a greater need to understand the underlying reasons women are more prone to the disease and to develop gender-specific treatments. The area of inquiry has been growing in part because of a push by female Alzheimer’s researchers, who have formed a group to advocate for a larger leadership role in the field and more gender-specific research.

33. Which of the following is true about the view that a woman’s heart works differently from a man’s?
(A): It was an old view long held by the male-dominated scientific community.
(B): This view was challenged by many male researchers in the past.
(C): This view was challenged primarily by female scientists.
(D): This view developed because of advancements in cardiology.

34.: 請依下文回答第 32 題至第 36 題:
Years ago, many scientists assumed that a woman’s heart worked pretty much the same as a man’s. But as more women entered the male-dominated field of cardiology, many such assumptions vanished, opening the way for new approaches to research and treatment.
A similar shift is underway in the study of Alzheimer’s disease. It has long been known that more women than men get the deadly neurodegenerative disease, and an emerging body of research is challenging the common wisdom as to why. Although the question is by no means settled, recent findings suggest that biological, genetic and even cultural influences may play heavy roles.
Of the more than 5 million people in the United States who have been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s, the leading cause of dementia, two-thirds are women. Because advancing age is considered the biggest risk factor for the disease, researchers largely have attributed that disparity to women’s longer life spans. The average life expectancy for women is 81 years, compared with 76 for men. And even after taking age into account, women are more at risk.
With the number of Alzheimer’s cases in the United States expected to more than triple by 2050, there is a greater need to understand the underlying reasons women are more prone to the disease and to develop gender-specific treatments. The area of inquiry has been growing in part because of a push by female Alzheimer’s researchers, who have formed a group to advocate for a larger leadership role in the field and more gender-specific research.

34. According to the passage, what is the recent Alzheimer’s research mainly about?
(A): Why women live longer than men.
(B): Why women are more prone to Alzheimer’s.
(C): How Alzheimer’s treatments were discovered by women.
(D): How Alzheimer’s influences the lives of many Americans.

35.: 請依下文回答第 32 題至第 36 題:
Years ago, many scientists assumed that a woman’s heart worked pretty much the same as a man’s. But as more women entered the male-dominated field of cardiology, many such assumptions vanished, opening the way for new approaches to research and treatment.
A similar shift is underway in the study of Alzheimer’s disease. It has long been known that more women than men get the deadly neurodegenerative disease, and an emerging body of research is challenging the common wisdom as to why. Although the question is by no means settled, recent findings suggest that biological, genetic and even cultural influences may play heavy roles.
Of the more than 5 million people in the United States who have been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s, the leading cause of dementia, two-thirds are women. Because advancing age is considered the biggest risk factor for the disease, researchers largely have attributed that disparity to women’s longer life spans. The average life expectancy for women is 81 years, compared with 76 for men. And even after taking age into account, women are more at risk.
With the number of Alzheimer’s cases in the United States expected to more than triple by 2050, there is a greater need to understand the underlying reasons women are more prone to the disease and to develop gender-specific treatments. The area of inquiry has been growing in part because of a push by female Alzheimer’s researchers, who have formed a group to advocate for a larger leadership role in the field and more gender-specific research.

35. What is the relationship between dementia and Alzheimer’s?
(A): Dementia may result in Alzheimer’s.
(B): Alzheimer’s may result in dementia.
(C): The life span of Alzheimer’s patients is longer than that of the dementia patients.
(D): They are similar diseases, but found in men and women respectively.

36.: 請依下文回答第 32 題至第 36 題:
Years ago, many scientists assumed that a woman’s heart worked pretty much the same as a man’s. But as more women entered the male-dominated field of cardiology, many such assumptions vanished, opening the way for new approaches to research and treatment.
A similar shift is underway in the study of Alzheimer’s disease. It has long been known that more women than men get the deadly neurodegenerative disease, and an emerging body of research is challenging the common wisdom as to why. Although the question is by no means settled, recent findings suggest that biological, genetic and even cultural influences may play heavy roles.
Of the more than 5 million people in the United States who have been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s, the leading cause of dementia, two-thirds are women. Because advancing age is considered the biggest risk factor for the disease, researchers largely have attributed that disparity to women’s longer life spans. The average life expectancy for women is 81 years, compared with 76 for men. And even after taking age into account, women are more at risk.
With the number of Alzheimer’s cases in the United States expected to more than triple by 2050, there is a greater need to understand the underlying reasons women are more prone to the disease and to develop gender-specific treatments. The area of inquiry has been growing in part because of a push by female Alzheimer’s researchers, who have formed a group to advocate for a larger leadership role in the field and more gender-specific research.

36. What is the conclusion of the passage?
(A): Females are more prone to Alzheimer’s than men.
(B): Male researchers are encouraged to study Alzheimer’s.
(C): Gender-specific studies are now dominated by female researchers.
(D): Females make significant contribution to gender-specific research on Alzheimer’s.

37.: 請依下文回答第 37 題至第 40 題:
Pheromones are substances that serve as chemical signals between members of the same species. They are secreted to the outside of the body and cause other individuals of the species to have specific reactions. Pheromones, sometimes also called "social hormones," affect a group of individuals somewhat like hormones do to an individual animal. Pheromones are the predominant medium of communication among insects (but rarely the sole method). Some species have simple pheromone systems and produce only a few pheromones, but others produce many with various functions. Pheromone systems are the most complicated in some of the so-called social insects, insects that live in organized groups.
Pheromones play various roles in the activities of insects. They may act as alarm substances, play a role in individual and group recognition, serve as attractants between sexes, mediate the formation of aggregations, identify foraging trails, and be involved in caste determination. For example, pheromones involved in caste determination include the "queen substance" produced by queen honey bees. Aphids, which are particularly vulnerable to predators because of their gregarious habits and sedentary nature, secrete an alarm pheromone when attacked that causes nearby aphids to respond by moving away.

37. What do the passages mainly discuss?
(A): how insects use pheromones to facilitate reproduction
(B): how pheromones are produced by insects
(C): why analyzing insect pheromones is thorny
(D): the different uses of pheromones among various insect species

38.: 請依下文回答第 37 題至第 40 題:
Pheromones are substances that serve as chemical signals between members of the same species. They are secreted to the outside of the body and cause other individuals of the species to have specific reactions. Pheromones, sometimes also called "social hormones," affect a group of individuals somewhat like hormones do to an individual animal. Pheromones are the predominant medium of communication among insects (but rarely the sole method). Some species have simple pheromone systems and produce only a few pheromones, but others produce many with various functions. Pheromone systems are the most complicated in some of the so-called social insects, insects that live in organized groups.
Pheromones play various roles in the activities of insects. They may act as alarm substances, play a role in individual and group recognition, serve as attractants between sexes, mediate the formation of aggregations, identify foraging trails, and be involved in caste determination. For example, pheromones involved in caste determination include the "queen substance" produced by queen honey bees. Aphids, which are particularly vulnerable to predators because of their gregarious habits and sedentary nature, secrete an alarm pheromone when attacked that causes nearby aphids to respond by moving away.

38. What does the underlined phrase "specific reactions" refer to?
(A): roaming instinct
(B): general aggression
(C): particular behavior triggered by pheromones
(D): species-specific hibernation cycles

39.: 請依下文回答第 37 題至第 40 題:
Pheromones are substances that serve as chemical signals between members of the same species. They are secreted to the outside of the body and cause other individuals of the species to have specific reactions. Pheromones, sometimes also called "social hormones," affect a group of individuals somewhat like hormones do to an individual animal. Pheromones are the predominant medium of communication among insects (but rarely the sole method). Some species have simple pheromone systems and produce only a few pheromones, but others produce many with various functions. Pheromone systems are the most complicated in some of the so-called social insects, insects that live in organized groups.
Pheromones play various roles in the activities of insects. They may act as alarm substances, play a role in individual and group recognition, serve as attractants between sexes, mediate the formation of aggregations, identify foraging trails, and be involved in caste determination. For example, pheromones involved in caste determination include the "queen substance" produced by queen honey bees. Aphids, which are particularly vulnerable to predators because of their gregarious habits and sedentary nature, secrete an alarm pheromone when attacked that causes nearby aphids to respond by moving away.

39. The purpose of the underlined word "hormones" is to point out
(A): chemical signals that are common among insects
(B): similarities between two chemical substances
(C): similarities between two chemical substances
(D): how insects produce different chemical substances

40.: 請依下文回答第 37 題至第 40 題:
Pheromones are substances that serve as chemical signals between members of the same species. They are secreted to the outside of the body and cause other individuals of the species to have specific reactions. Pheromones, sometimes also called "social hormones," affect a group of individuals somewhat like hormones do to an individual animal. Pheromones are the predominant medium of communication among insects (but rarely the sole method). Some species have simple pheromone systems and produce only a few pheromones, but others produce many with various functions. Pheromone systems are the most complicated in some of the so-called social insects, insects that live in organized groups.
Pheromones play various roles in the activities of insects. They may act as alarm substances, play a role in individual and group recognition, serve as attractants between sexes, mediate the formation of aggregations, identify foraging trails, and be involved in caste determination. For example, pheromones involved in caste determination include the "queen substance" produced by queen honey bees. Aphids, which are particularly vulnerable to predators because of their gregarious habits and sedentary nature, secrete an alarm pheromone when attacked that causes nearby aphids to respond by moving away.

40. The underlined word "sedentary" is closest in meaning to
(A): inactive
(B): inefficient
(C): untouchable
(D): unbalanced

41.: 請依下文回答第 38 題至第 40 題:
All of us know from experience that we are much more reluctant to walk away from an ongoing enterprise in which we have invested a lot than from one in which we have invested only a little. That is true of our investment in human relationships, in business projects, or in the stock market. It is true regardless of whether our investment is in the form of money, time, or effort.
The same principle applies to parental investment in potential offspring. Even at the moment when an egg is fertilized by a sperm, the resulting fertilized embryo generally represents a greater investment for the female than for the male, because in most animal species the egg is much larger than the sperm. While both eggs and sperms contain chromosomes, the egg in addition must contain enough nutrients and metabolic machinery to support the embryo’s further development for some time, at least until the embryo can start feeding itself. Sperms, in contrast, need contain only a flagellar motor and sufficient energy to drive that motor and support swimming for at most a few days. As a result, a mature human egg has roughly one million times the mass of the sperm that fertilizes it. Hence a fertilized embryo, viewed simply as an early-stage onstruction project, represents an utterly trivial investment of its father’s body mass compared to its mother’s. But, that doesn’t mean the female has automatically lost the game of chicken before the moment of conception. Along with the one sperm that fertilized the egg, the male may have produced several hundred million other sperms in the ejaculation, so that his total investment may be not dissimilar to the female.

41. Based on the premise that “we are much more reluctant to walk away from an ongoing enterprise in which we have invested a lot than from one in which we have invested only a little,” which one of the following is the easiest to do?
(A): To burn the first chapter of your PhD dissertation draft after having worked on it for a few weeks
(B): To rewrite the body of your PhD dissertation draft after having spent two whole years on it
(C): To find another dissertation supervisor after having worked with your original supervisor for three years
(D): To change your dissertation topic after working on it for one year and having finished three chapters

42.: 請依下文回答第 38 題至第 40 題:
All of us know from experience that we are much more reluctant to walk away from an ongoing enterprise in which we have invested a lot than from one in which we have invested only a little. That is true of our investment in human relationships, in business projects, or in the stock market. It is true regardless of whether our investment is in the form of money, time, or effort.
The same principle applies to parental investment in potential offspring. Even at the moment when an egg is fertilized by a sperm, the resulting fertilized embryo generally represents a greater investment for the female than for the male, because in most animal species the egg is much larger than the sperm. While both eggs and sperms contain chromosomes, the egg in addition must contain enough nutrients and metabolic machinery to support the embryo’s further development for some time, at least until the embryo can start feeding itself. Sperms, in contrast, need contain only a flagellar motor and sufficient energy to drive that motor and support swimming for at most a few days. As a result, a mature human egg has roughly one million times the mass of the sperm that fertilizes it. Hence a fertilized embryo, viewed simply as an early-stage onstruction project, represents an utterly trivial investment of its father’s body mass compared to its mother’s. But, that doesn’t mean the female has automatically lost the game of chicken before the moment of conception. Along with the one sperm that fertilized the egg, the male may have produced several hundred million other sperms in the ejaculation, so that his total investment may be not dissimilar to the female.

42. Which of the following statements is true?
(A): When mating, the male invests much less than the female in total.
(B): When mating, the total investment of the male is roughly the same as that of the female.
(C): When mating, the female contributes much more than the male in total.
(D): When mating, the male contributes much more than the female in total.

43.: 請依下文回答第 38 題至第 40 題:
All of us know from experience that we are much more reluctant to walk away from an ongoing enterprise in which we have invested a lot than from one in which we have invested only a little. That is true of our investment in human relationships, in business projects, or in the stock market. It is true regardless of whether our investment is in the form of money, time, or effort.
The same principle applies to parental investment in potential offspring. Even at the moment when an egg is fertilized by a sperm, the resulting fertilized embryo generally represents a greater investment for the female than for the male, because in most animal species the egg is much larger than the sperm. While both eggs and sperms contain chromosomes, the egg in addition must contain enough nutrients and metabolic machinery to support the embryo’s further development for some time, at least until the embryo can start feeding itself. Sperms, in contrast, need contain only a flagellar motor and sufficient energy to drive that motor and support swimming for at most a few days. As a result, a mature human egg has roughly one million times the mass of the sperm that fertilizes it. Hence a fertilized embryo, viewed simply as an early-stage onstruction project, represents an utterly trivial investment of its father’s body mass compared to its mother’s. But, that doesn’t mean the female has automatically lost the game of chicken before the moment of conception. Along with the one sperm that fertilized the egg, the male may have produced several hundred million other sperms in the ejaculation, so that his total investment may be not dissimilar to the female.

43. According to the passage, why has the female not automatically lost the game of chicken before the moment of conception?
(A): The male does not invest as little as we may think.
(B): The female does not invest as little as we may think.
(C): The female does not invest as much as we may think.
(D): Neither of the male and the female invests as much as we think.

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