Archaeologists searching Portugal’s coast have found a 400-year-old ship (26)
near Lisbon after returning from India laden with spices. “In Portugal, this is the most
important (27) . of all time,” project director Jorge Freire said. In and around the
shipwreck, 40 feet (28) the surface, divers found spices, nine cannons (29) the
Portuguese coat of arms, Chinese ceramics and cowry shells, a type of currency used to (30) slaves during the colonial era.
Archaeologists searching Portugal’s coast have found a 400-year-old ship (26)
near Lisbon after returning from India laden with spices. “In Portugal, this is the most
important (27) . of all time,” project director Jorge Freire said. In and around the
shipwreck, 40 feet (28) the surface, divers found spices, nine cannons (29) the
Portuguese coat of arms, Chinese ceramics and cowry shells, a type of currency used to (30) slaves during the colonial era.
Archaeologists searching Portugal’s coast have found a 400-year-old ship (26)
near Lisbon after returning from India laden with spices. “In Portugal, this is the most
important (27) . of all time,” project director Jorge Freire said. In and around the
shipwreck, 40 feet (28) the surface, divers found spices, nine cannons (29) the
Portuguese coat of arms, Chinese ceramics and cowry shells, a type of currency used to (30) slaves during the colonial era.
Archaeologists searching Portugal’s coast have found a 400-year-old ship (26)
near Lisbon after returning from India laden with spices. “In Portugal, this is the most
important (27) . of all time,” project director Jorge Freire said. In and around the
shipwreck, 40 feet (28) the surface, divers found spices, nine cannons (29) the
Portuguese coat of arms, Chinese ceramics and cowry shells, a type of currency used to (30) slaves during the colonial era.
Archaeologists searching Portugal’s coast have found a 400-year-old ship (26)
near Lisbon after returning from India laden with spices. “In Portugal, this is the most
important (27) . of all time,” project director Jorge Freire said. In and around the
shipwreck, 40 feet (28) the surface, divers found spices, nine cannons (29) the
Portuguese coat of arms, Chinese ceramics and cowry shells, a type of currency used to (30) slaves during the colonial era.
Approximately six to eight million adults in the United States eat no meat, fish, or
poultry. Several million more have (31) red meat but still eat chicken or fish. About
two million have become vegans, forgoing not only animal flesh but also animal-based
products such as milk, cheese, eggs, and gelatin.
Traditionally, research into vegetarianism focused mainly on potential deficiencies,
but in recent years, the (32) has swung the other way, and studies are confirming the
health benefits of meat-free eating. Nowadays, plant-based eating is recognized as not
only nutritionally sufficient but also as a way to reduce the risk for many (33) illnesses.
You can get many of the health benefits of being vegetarian without going all the way. For
example, a Mediterranean eating pattern — (34) an emphasis on plant foods with a
sparing use of meat. Even if you don’t want to become a complete vegetarian, you can
steer your diet in that direction (35) a few simple substitutions, such as plant-based
sources of protein — beans or tofu, for example — or fish instead of meat a couple of
times a week.
Approximately six to eight million adults in the United States eat no meat, fish, or
poultry. Several million more have (31) red meat but still eat chicken or fish. About
two million have become vegans, forgoing not only animal flesh but also animal-based
products such as milk, cheese, eggs, and gelatin.
Traditionally, research into vegetarianism focused mainly on potential deficiencies,
but in recent years, the (32) has swung the other way, and studies are confirming the
health benefits of meat-free eating. Nowadays, plant-based eating is recognized as not
only nutritionally sufficient but also as a way to reduce the risk for many (33) illnesses.
You can get many of the health benefits of being vegetarian without going all the way. For
example, a Mediterranean eating pattern — (34) an emphasis on plant foods with a
sparing use of meat. Even if you don’t want to become a complete vegetarian, you can
steer your diet in that direction (35) a few simple substitutions, such as plant-based
sources of protein — beans or tofu, for example — or fish instead of meat a couple of
times a week.
Approximately six to eight million adults in the United States eat no meat, fish, or
poultry. Several million more have (31) red meat but still eat chicken or fish. About
two million have become vegans, forgoing not only animal flesh but also animal-based
products such as milk, cheese, eggs, and gelatin.
Traditionally, research into vegetarianism focused mainly on potential deficiencies,
but in recent years, the (32) has swung the other way, and studies are confirming the
health benefits of meat-free eating. Nowadays, plant-based eating is recognized as not
only nutritionally sufficient but also as a way to reduce the risk for many (33) illnesses.
You can get many of the health benefits of being vegetarian without going all the way. For
example, a Mediterranean eating pattern — (34) an emphasis on plant foods with a
sparing use of meat. Even if you don’t want to become a complete vegetarian, you can
steer your diet in that direction (35) a few simple substitutions, such as plant-based
sources of protein — beans or tofu, for example — or fish instead of meat a couple of
times a week.
Approximately six to eight million adults in the United States eat no meat, fish, or
poultry. Several million more have (31) red meat but still eat chicken or fish. About
two million have become vegans, forgoing not only animal flesh but also animal-based
products such as milk, cheese, eggs, and gelatin.
Traditionally, research into vegetarianism focused mainly on potential deficiencies,
but in recent years, the (32) has swung the other way, and studies are confirming the
health benefits of meat-free eating. Nowadays, plant-based eating is recognized as not
only nutritionally sufficient but also as a way to reduce the risk for many (33) illnesses.
You can get many of the health benefits of being vegetarian without going all the way. For
example, a Mediterranean eating pattern — (34) an emphasis on plant foods with a
sparing use of meat. Even if you don’t want to become a complete vegetarian, you can
steer your diet in that direction (35) a few simple substitutions, such as plant-based
sources of protein — beans or tofu, for example — or fish instead of meat a couple of
times a week.
Approximately six to eight million adults in the United States eat no meat, fish, or
poultry. Several million more have (31) red meat but still eat chicken or fish. About
two million have become vegans, forgoing not only animal flesh but also animal-based
products such as milk, cheese, eggs, and gelatin.
Traditionally, research into vegetarianism focused mainly on potential deficiencies,
but in recent years, the (32) has swung the other way, and studies are confirming the
health benefits of meat-free eating. Nowadays, plant-based eating is recognized as not
only nutritionally sufficient but also as a way to reduce the risk for many (33) illnesses.
You can get many of the health benefits of being vegetarian without going all the way. For
example, a Mediterranean eating pattern — (34) an emphasis on plant foods with a
sparing use of meat. Even if you don’t want to become a complete vegetarian, you can
steer your diet in that direction (35) a few simple substitutions, such as plant-based
sources of protein — beans or tofu, for example — or fish instead of meat a couple of
times a week.
Much of the theory of manners was formulated by the sociologist Norbert Elias in his
book, The Civilizing Process . Elias notes that medieval culture initially gave powerful men
the ability to act like children—to live without any physical or psychic restraints. Over a
span of several centuries, beginning in the 11 or 12 and maturing in the 17 and 18 ,
Europeans increasingly inhibited their impulses, anticipated the long-term consequences
of their actions, and took people’s thoughts and feelings into consideration. A culture of
honor—the readiness to take revenge—gave way to a culture of dignity—the readiness to
control one’s emotions.
In the 16 century, the great Erasmus penned the first etiquette book—The
Handbook of Good Manners for Children. Several other writers also published similar
guidebooks. The books included such rules as: Don’t urinate in the hallway; don’t use the
tablecloth to blow your nose; don’t use your personal knife to pop food into your mouth, etc.
Interestingly, those rules had less to do with good hygiene than we might imagine. An
understanding of microbes and infection did not arrive until well into the 19 century. The
only explicit rationales stated in those books are to avoid acting like an animal and to avoid
offending others.
This civilizing process was long and slow. King David I of Scotland proposed that
citizens who learned to eat more properly should get a tax refund, Disappointingly, that
idea never caught on. The much-traveled Thomas Coryat introduced the table fork to
Britain. When he retumed from Italy in 1608 with this fancy novelty, he met with a torrent of
ridicule. But that idea did eventually catch on. And a quarter of a century later, the table
fork reached America.
Which statement in the following best expresses the main point of the passage?
(A)
Erasmus was extremely disappointed with people’s ill manners.
(B)
Family dinner is a great time for parents to teach good manners
(C)
Formulating theories is one of the important jobs of a sociologist.
(D)
It took hundreds of years for Western people to develop etiquette rules.
Much of the theory of manners was formulated by the sociologist Norbert Elias in his
book, The Civilizing Process . Elias notes that medieval culture initially gave powerful men
the ability to act like children—to live without any physical or psychic restraints. Over a
span of several centuries, beginning in the 11 or 12 and maturing in the 17 and 18 ,
Europeans increasingly inhibited their impulses, anticipated the long-term consequences
of their actions, and took people’s thoughts and feelings into consideration. A culture of
honor—the readiness to take revenge—gave way to a culture of dignity—the readiness to
control one’s emotions.
In the 16 century, the great Erasmus penned the first etiquette book—The
Handbook of Good Manners for Children. Several other writers also published similar
guidebooks. The books included such rules as: Don’t urinate in the hallway; don’t use the
tablecloth to blow your nose; don’t use your personal knife to pop food into your mouth, etc.
Interestingly, those rules had less to do with good hygiene than we might imagine. An
understanding of microbes and infection did not arrive until well into the 19 century. The
only explicit rationales stated in those books are to avoid acting like an animal and to avoid
offending others.
This civilizing process was long and slow. King David I of Scotland proposed that
citizens who learned to eat more properly should get a tax refund, Disappointingly, that
idea never caught on. The much-traveled Thomas Coryat introduced the table fork to
Britain. When he retumed from Italy in 1608 with this fancy novelty, he met with a torrent of
ridicule. But that idea did eventually catch on. And a quarter of a century later, the table
fork reached America.
Which word is closest in meaning to penned (the second paragraph)?
Much of the theory of manners was formulated by the sociologist Norbert Elias in his
book, The Civilizing Process . Elias notes that medieval culture initially gave powerful men
the ability to act like children—to live without any physical or psychic restraints. Over a
span of several centuries, beginning in the 11 or 12 and maturing in the 17 and 18 ,
Europeans increasingly inhibited their impulses, anticipated the long-term consequences
of their actions, and took people’s thoughts and feelings into consideration. A culture of
honor—the readiness to take revenge—gave way to a culture of dignity—the readiness to
control one’s emotions.
In the 16 century, the great Erasmus penned the first etiquette book—The
Handbook of Good Manners for Children. Several other writers also published similar
guidebooks. The books included such rules as: Don’t urinate in the hallway; don’t use the
tablecloth to blow your nose; don’t use your personal knife to pop food into your mouth, etc.
Interestingly, those rules had less to do with good hygiene than we might imagine. An
understanding of microbes and infection did not arrive until well into the 19 century. The
only explicit rationales stated in those books are to avoid acting like an animal and to avoid
offending others.
This civilizing process was long and slow. King David I of Scotland proposed that
citizens who learned to eat more properly should get a tax refund, Disappointingly, that
idea never caught on. The much-traveled Thomas Coryat introduced the table fork to
Britain. When he retumed from Italy in 1608 with this fancy novelty, he met with a torrent of
ridicule. But that idea did eventually catch on. And a quarter of a century later, the table
fork reached America.
What was emphasized in the etiquette books of the 16 century?
Much of the theory of manners was formulated by the sociologist Norbert Elias in his
book, The Civilizing Process . Elias notes that medieval culture initially gave powerful men
the ability to act like children—to live without any physical or psychic restraints. Over a
span of several centuries, beginning in the 11 or 12 and maturing in the 17 and 18 ,
Europeans increasingly inhibited their impulses, anticipated the long-term consequences
of their actions, and took people’s thoughts and feelings into consideration. A culture of
honor—the readiness to take revenge—gave way to a culture of dignity—the readiness to
control one’s emotions.
In the 16 century, the great Erasmus penned the first etiquette book—The
Handbook of Good Manners for Children. Several other writers also published similar
guidebooks. The books included such rules as: Don’t urinate in the hallway; don’t use the
tablecloth to blow your nose; don’t use your personal knife to pop food into your mouth, etc.
Interestingly, those rules had less to do with good hygiene than we might imagine. An
understanding of microbes and infection did not arrive until well into the 19 century. The
only explicit rationales stated in those books are to avoid acting like an animal and to avoid
offending others.
This civilizing process was long and slow. King David I of Scotland proposed that
citizens who learned to eat more properly should get a tax refund, Disappointingly, that
idea never caught on. The much-traveled Thomas Coryat introduced the table fork to
Britain. When he retumed from Italy in 1608 with this fancy novelty, he met with a torrent of
ridicule. But that idea did eventually catch on. And a quarter of a century later, the table
fork reached America.
According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?
(A)
In medieval times, powerful men would be criticized if they acted like children.
(B)
King David I of Scotland encouraged his people to blow noses while eating.
(C)
Modern European people no longer follow the rules stated in Erasmus’s
book.
(D)
People did not accept the use of the table fork when it was first introduced
to Britain.
Much of the theory of manners was formulated by the sociologist Norbert Elias in his
book, The Civilizing Process . Elias notes that medieval culture initially gave powerful men
the ability to act like children—to live without any physical or psychic restraints. Over a
span of several centuries, beginning in the 11 or 12 and maturing in the 17 and 18 ,
Europeans increasingly inhibited their impulses, anticipated the long-term consequences
of their actions, and took people’s thoughts and feelings into consideration. A culture of
honor—the readiness to take revenge—gave way to a culture of dignity—the readiness to
control one’s emotions.
In the 16 century, the great Erasmus penned the first etiquette book—The
Handbook of Good Manners for Children. Several other writers also published similar
guidebooks. The books included such rules as: Don’t urinate in the hallway; don’t use the
tablecloth to blow your nose; don’t use your personal knife to pop food into your mouth, etc.
Interestingly, those rules had less to do with good hygiene than we might imagine. An
understanding of microbes and infection did not arrive until well into the 19 century. The
only explicit rationales stated in those books are to avoid acting like an animal and to avoid
offending others.
This civilizing process was long and slow. King David I of Scotland proposed that
citizens who learned to eat more properly should get a tax refund, Disappointingly, that
idea never caught on. The much-traveled Thomas Coryat introduced the table fork to
Britain. When he retumed from Italy in 1608 with this fancy novelty, he met with a torrent of
ridicule. But that idea did eventually catch on. And a quarter of a century later, the table
fork reached America.
The passage would most likely be found in a _________ .