Several research assistants were accused of with the results of the
experiments.
tampering
suspending
colliding
rebuking
His task was to elaborate policies which would make a market economy with
a clean environment.
communicable
combustible
compatible
comprehensible
He is not an arrogant person for he always confers with his before making
decisions.
subordinates
spectators
practitioners
detectives
One disadvantage for the bank is that its huge size-over 15,000 staff-makes it
and slow-moving.
voluntary
absurd
preeminent
unwieldy_
The news came as a blow to the victims that the had to drop its case when
its only witness died.
prosecution
verdict
execution
conviction
An international medical conference was established for the of new ideas
and approaches.
interval
introspection
interchange
interrogation
The Canadian government is expected to take measures in response to the
arrest of an embassy staff member on charges of spying.
irrevocable
sustainable
insurmountable
retaliatory
Mathematical biology has developed into an active, varied and inherently
field of research.
insurmountable
inextricable
indigenous
interdisciplinary
The paradox is that the region’s most economies have the most primitive
financial systems.
stagnant
dynamic
intriguing
industrious
Read a newspaper and you will find that the public has a(n) appetite for
celebrity news.
invincible
disparate
insatiable
flagrant
The largest library in disorder is not so useful as a smaller but orderly one; (11) the
greatest amount of knowledge, if it has not been worked out in one’s own mind, is (12)
less value than a much smaller (13) that has been fully considered. For it is (14)
a man combines what he knows from all sides, and compares one truth with another, that he
completely realizes his own knowledge and gets it into his power.
11
by contrast
in other words
to the contrary
in the same way
The largest library in disorder is not so useful as a smaller but orderly one; (11) the
greatest amount of knowledge, if it has not been worked out in one’s own mind, is (12)
less value than a much smaller (13) that has been fully considered. For it is (14)
a man combines what he knows from all sides, and compares one truth with another, that he
completely realizes his own knowledge and gets it into his power.
12
of
to
with
as
The largest library in disorder is not so useful as a smaller but orderly one; (11) the
greatest amount of knowledge, if it has not been worked out in one’s own mind, is (12)
less value than a much smaller (13) that has been fully considered. For it is (14)
a man combines what he knows from all sides, and compares one truth with another, that he
completely realizes his own knowledge and gets it into his power.
13
one
amount
mind
value
The largest library in disorder is not so useful as a smaller but orderly one; (11) the
greatest amount of knowledge, if it has not been worked out in one’s own mind, is (12)
less value than a much smaller (13) that has been fully considered. For it is (14)
a man combines what he knows from all sides, and compares one truth with another, that he
completely realizes his own knowledge and gets it into his power.
14
only when
without doubt
as if
by which
During the past two decades. (15) research has been conducted on the health aspects
of caffeine consumption. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (PDA) (16) caffeine
as Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) in 1958. A more recent review “found no
evidence to show that the use of caffeine in carbonated beverages would (17) these
products injurious to health.” The American Medical Association (AMA) has a similar
position on caffeine’s safety, stating that “Moderate tea or coffee drinkers probably need
have no concern for their health relative to their caffeine consumption (18) other
lifestyle habits (diet, alcohol consumption) are moderate, as well.”
15
enormous
intensive
extensive
numerous
During the past two decades. (15) research has been conducted on the health aspects
of caffeine consumption. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (PDA) (16) caffeine
as Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) in 1958. A more recent review “found no
evidence to show that the use of caffeine in carbonated beverages would (17) these
products injurious to health.” The American Medical Association (AMA) has a similar
position on caffeine’s safety, stating that “Moderate tea or coffee drinkers probably need
have no concern for their health relative to their caffeine consumption (18) other
lifestyle habits (diet, alcohol consumption) are moderate, as well.”
16
classified
appointed
considered
approved
During the past two decades. (15) research has been conducted on the health aspects
of caffeine consumption. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (PDA) (16) caffeine
as Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) in 1958. A more recent review “found no
evidence to show that the use of caffeine in carbonated beverages would (17) these
products injurious to health.” The American Medical Association (AMA) has a similar
position on caffeine’s safety, stating that “Moderate tea or coffee drinkers probably need
have no concern for their health relative to their caffeine consumption (18) other
lifestyle habits (diet, alcohol consumption) are moderate, as well.”
17
specify
cause
render
incline
During the past two decades. (15) research has been conducted on the health aspects
of caffeine consumption. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (PDA) (16) caffeine
as Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) in 1958. A more recent review “found no
evidence to show that the use of caffeine in carbonated beverages would (17) these
products injurious to health.” The American Medical Association (AMA) has a similar
position on caffeine’s safety, stating that “Moderate tea or coffee drinkers probably need
have no concern for their health relative to their caffeine consumption (18) other
lifestyle habits (diet, alcohol consumption) are moderate, as well.”
18
guaranteed
provided
concerning
considering
Cross-cultural research shows that cultures have varying attitudes about language in general
and that these differences are reflected in the printed word. As a result, the way ideas are
(19) in expository writing (e.g., in essays) varies across cultures. Originally (20)
our attention by Kaplan (1966), this suggestion has (21) research in several different
languages. Ostler, for example, found that the patterns of expository writing in a language
“reflect the patterns valued in the (22) culture.”
Researchers have found (23) differences in text organization between English and the
Korean, German, Japanese, Arabic, and Athabaskan languages. It is logical to conclude
(24) when people read in a second language they comprehend best the texts that meet
their beliefs and expectations about the patterns of written language. To the extent that the
patterns in the text of a second language are different from (25) of the first language,
the reader is likely to have difficulty comprehending.
19
collected
complimented
organized
studied
Cross-cultural research shows that cultures have varying attitudes about language in general
and that these differences are reflected in the printed word. As a result, the way ideas are
(19) in expository writing (e.g., in essays) varies across cultures. Originally (20)
our attention by Kaplan (1966), this suggestion has (21) research in several different
languages. Ostler, for example, found that the patterns of expository writing in a language
“reflect the patterns valued in the (22) culture.”
Researchers have found (23) differences in text organization between English and the
Korean, German, Japanese, Arabic, and Athabaskan languages. It is logical to conclude
(24) when people read in a second language they comprehend best the texts that meet
their beliefs and expectations about the patterns of written language. To the extent that the
patterns in the text of a second language are different from (25) of the first language,
the reader is likely to have difficulty comprehending.
20
called to
calling out
called down
calling for
Cross-cultural research shows that cultures have varying attitudes about language in general
and that these differences are reflected in the printed word. As a result, the way ideas are
(19) in expository writing (e.g., in essays) varies across cultures. Originally (20)
our attention by Kaplan (1966), this suggestion has (21) research in several different
languages. Ostler, for example, found that the patterns of expository writing in a language
“reflect the patterns valued in the (22) culture.”
Researchers have found (23) differences in text organization between English and the
Korean, German, Japanese, Arabic, and Athabaskan languages. It is logical to conclude
(24) when people read in a second language they comprehend best the texts that meet
their beliefs and expectations about the patterns of written language. To the extent that the
patterns in the text of a second language are different from (25) of the first language,
the reader is likely to have difficulty comprehending.
21
urged
encouraged
inspired
incurred
Cross-cultural research shows that cultures have varying attitudes about language in general
and that these differences are reflected in the printed word. As a result, the way ideas are
(19) in expository writing (e.g., in essays) varies across cultures. Originally (20)
our attention by Kaplan (1966), this suggestion has (21) research in several different
languages. Ostler, for example, found that the patterns of expository writing in a language
“reflect the patterns valued in the (22) culture.”
Researchers have found (23) differences in text organization between English and the
Korean, German, Japanese, Arabic, and Athabaskan languages. It is logical to conclude
(24) when people read in a second language they comprehend best the texts that meet
their beliefs and expectations about the patterns of written language. To the extent that the
patterns in the text of a second language are different from (25) of the first language,
the reader is likely to have difficulty comprehending.
22
native
exotic
above
similar
Cross-cultural research shows that cultures have varying attitudes about language in general
and that these differences are reflected in the printed word. As a result, the way ideas are
(19) in expository writing (e.g., in essays) varies across cultures. Originally (20)
our attention by Kaplan (1966), this suggestion has (21) research in several different
languages. Ostler, for example, found that the patterns of expository writing in a language
“reflect the patterns valued in the (22) culture.”
Researchers have found (23) differences in text organization between English and the
Korean, German, Japanese, Arabic, and Athabaskan languages. It is logical to conclude
(24) when people read in a second language they comprehend best the texts that meet
their beliefs and expectations about the patterns of written language. To the extent that the
patterns in the text of a second language are different from (25) of the first language,
the reader is likely to have difficulty comprehending.
23
superficial
extraordinary
incredible
significant
Cross-cultural research shows that cultures have varying attitudes about language in general
and that these differences are reflected in the printed word. As a result, the way ideas are
(19) in expository writing (e.g., in essays) varies across cultures. Originally (20)
our attention by Kaplan (1966), this suggestion has (21) research in several different
languages. Ostler, for example, found that the patterns of expository writing in a language
“reflect the patterns valued in the (22) culture.”
Researchers have found (23) differences in text organization between English and the
Korean, German, Japanese, Arabic, and Athabaskan languages. It is logical to conclude
(24) when people read in a second language they comprehend best the texts that meet
their beliefs and expectations about the patterns of written language. To the extent that the
patterns in the text of a second language are different from (25) of the first language,
the reader is likely to have difficulty comprehending.
24
from this that
this from that
this that
from that
Cross-cultural research shows that cultures have varying attitudes about language in general
and that these differences are reflected in the printed word. As a result, the way ideas are
(19) in expository writing (e.g., in essays) varies across cultures. Originally (20)
our attention by Kaplan (1966), this suggestion has (21) research in several different
languages. Ostler, for example, found that the patterns of expository writing in a language
“reflect the patterns valued in the (22) culture.”
Researchers have found (23) differences in text organization between English and the
Korean, German, Japanese, Arabic, and Athabaskan languages. It is logical to conclude
(24) when people read in a second language they comprehend best the texts that meet
their beliefs and expectations about the patterns of written language. To the extent that the
patterns in the text of a second language are different from (25) of the first language,
the reader is likely to have difficulty comprehending.
25
most
others
some
those
In Western civilization, religion has traditionally been defined as belief in, and worship of,
one god. This is true for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The statements by Tillich and
Luther make it clear, (26) , that such a definition may be too (27) . In original
Buddhism in India and Confucianism in China, there was no recognition of a(n) (28)
being. (29) of these philosophies were basically concerned with patterns of human
behavior.
(30) definition, all religions (as the word is normally used) have certain elements in
common; rituals to perform, prayers to recite, places to frequent or avoid, holy days to keep,
(31) by which to predict the future, a body of (32) to read and study, truths to
affirm, charismatic leaders to follow, and ordinances to obey. Many have buildings (33)
for worship, and there are activities such as prayer, sacrifice, contemplation, and perhaps
magic.
26
although
however
despite
instead
In Western civilization, religion has traditionally been defined as belief in, and worship of,
one god. This is true for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The statements by Tillich and
Luther make it clear, (26) , that such a definition may be too (27) . In original
Buddhism in India and Confucianism in China, there was no recognition of a(n) (28)
being. (29) of these philosophies were basically concerned with patterns of human
behavior.
(30) definition, all religions (as the word is normally used) have certain elements in
common; rituals to perform, prayers to recite, places to frequent or avoid, holy days to keep,
(31) by which to predict the future, a body of (32) to read and study, truths to
affirm, charismatic leaders to follow, and ordinances to obey. Many have buildings (33)
for worship, and there are activities such as prayer, sacrifice, contemplation, and perhaps
magic.
27
narrow
infinite
unfounded
loose
In Western civilization, religion has traditionally been defined as belief in, and worship of,
one god. This is true for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The statements by Tillich and
Luther make it clear, (26) , that such a definition may be too (27) . In original
Buddhism in India and Confucianism in China, there was no recognition of a(n) (28)
being. (29) of these philosophies were basically concerned with patterns of human
behavior.
(30) definition, all religions (as the word is normally used) have certain elements in
common; rituals to perform, prayers to recite, places to frequent or avoid, holy days to keep,
(31) by which to predict the future, a body of (32) to read and study, truths to
affirm, charismatic leaders to follow, and ordinances to obey. Many have buildings (33)
for worship, and there are activities such as prayer, sacrifice, contemplation, and perhaps
magic.
28
splendid
insane
primitive
supreme
In Western civilization, religion has traditionally been defined as belief in, and worship of,
one god. This is true for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The statements by Tillich and
Luther make it clear, (26) , that such a definition may be too (27) . In original
Buddhism in India and Confucianism in China, there was no recognition of a(n) (28)
being. (29) of these philosophies were basically concerned with patterns of human
behavior.
(30) definition, all religions (as the word is normally used) have certain elements in
common; rituals to perform, prayers to recite, places to frequent or avoid, holy days to keep,
(31) by which to predict the future, a body of (32) to read and study, truths to
affirm, charismatic leaders to follow, and ordinances to obey. Many have buildings (33)
for worship, and there are activities such as prayer, sacrifice, contemplation, and perhaps
magic.
29
Both
Some
All
Most
In Western civilization, religion has traditionally been defined as belief in, and worship of,
one god. This is true for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The statements by Tillich and
Luther make it clear, (26) , that such a definition may be too (27) . In original
Buddhism in India and Confucianism in China, there was no recognition of a(n) (28)
being. (29) of these philosophies were basically concerned with patterns of human
behavior.
(30) definition, all religions (as the word is normally used) have certain elements in
common; rituals to perform, prayers to recite, places to frequent or avoid, holy days to keep,
(31) by which to predict the future, a body of (32) to read and study, truths to
affirm, charismatic leaders to follow, and ordinances to obey. Many have buildings (33)
for worship, and there are activities such as prayer, sacrifice, contemplation, and perhaps
magic.
30
Regardless of
In view of
Instead of
Rather than
In Western civilization, religion has traditionally been defined as belief in, and worship of,
one god. This is true for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The statements by Tillich and
Luther make it clear, (26) , that such a definition may be too (27) . In original
Buddhism in India and Confucianism in China, there was no recognition of a(n) (28)
being. (29) of these philosophies were basically concerned with patterns of human
behavior.
(30) definition, all religions (as the word is normally used) have certain elements in
common; rituals to perform, prayers to recite, places to frequent or avoid, holy days to keep,
(31) by which to predict the future, a body of (32) to read and study, truths to
affirm, charismatic leaders to follow, and ordinances to obey. Many have buildings (33)
for worship, and there are activities such as prayer, sacrifice, contemplation, and perhaps
magic.
31
mean
means
meanings
meanness
In Western civilization, religion has traditionally been defined as belief in, and worship of,
one god. This is true for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The statements by Tillich and
Luther make it clear, (26) , that such a definition may be too (27) . In original
Buddhism in India and Confucianism in China, there was no recognition of a(n) (28)
being. (29) of these philosophies were basically concerned with patterns of human
behavior.
(30) definition, all religions (as the word is normally used) have certain elements in
common; rituals to perform, prayers to recite, places to frequent or avoid, holy days to keep,
(31) by which to predict the future, a body of (32) to read and study, truths to
affirm, charismatic leaders to follow, and ordinances to obey. Many have buildings (33)
for worship, and there are activities such as prayer, sacrifice, contemplation, and perhaps
magic.
32
transcript
literature
sacred
spirituality
In Western civilization, religion has traditionally been defined as belief in, and worship of,
one god. This is true for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The statements by Tillich and
Luther make it clear, (26) , that such a definition may be too (27) . In original
Buddhism in India and Confucianism in China, there was no recognition of a(n) (28)
being. (29) of these philosophies were basically concerned with patterns of human
behavior.
(30) definition, all religions (as the word is normally used) have certain elements in
common; rituals to perform, prayers to recite, places to frequent or avoid, holy days to keep,
(31) by which to predict the future, a body of (32) to read and study, truths to
affirm, charismatic leaders to follow, and ordinances to obey. Many have buildings (33)
for worship, and there are activities such as prayer, sacrifice, contemplation, and perhaps
magic.
33
set aside
left out
dressed up
pulled down
set aside
left out
dressed up
pulled down
Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.
Several vertebrate species can distinguish between, say, two and five bananas—but with the
exception of primates, they can’t grasp the numerical rules that would let them arrange their
piles of fruit from least to most. Now, new research suggests that pigeons, like primates,
can follow these abstract numerical rules. The study is in the journal Science.
Researchers trained pigeons with cards on which were pictures of one, two or three shapes,
sometimes in different sizes and colors. The birds were ultimately able to correctly pick a
card with one large green square first, followed by a card with two small red ovals,
followed by one showing three long blue rods.
Then, the pigeons demonstrated a new ability—faced with two cards each showing up to
nine images, they could tell which card had more, which indicates that they had an abstract
understanding of the single-digit amounts. Rhesus monkeys trained in a similar way
displayed the same talents. Whether this shared ability evolved independently or came from
a common ancestor is unclear. But it is clear that birdbrains aren’t so dumb.
Based on the article, primates
can’t really count
can count to an unlimited number
can arrange different types of fruits
can figure out quantity
Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.
Several vertebrate species can distinguish between, say, two and five bananas—but with the
exception of primates, they can’t grasp the numerical rules that would let them arrange their
piles of fruit from least to most. Now, new research suggests that pigeons, like primates,
can follow these abstract numerical rules. The study is in the journal Science.
Researchers trained pigeons with cards on which were pictures of one, two or three shapes,
sometimes in different sizes and colors. The birds were ultimately able to correctly pick a
card with one large green square first, followed by a card with two small red ovals,
followed by one showing three long blue rods.
Then, the pigeons demonstrated a new ability—faced with two cards each showing up to
nine images, they could tell which card had more, which indicates that they had an abstract
understanding of the single-digit amounts. Rhesus monkeys trained in a similar way
displayed the same talents. Whether this shared ability evolved independently or came from
a common ancestor is unclear. But it is clear that birdbrains aren’t so dumb.
Based on paragraph 2, which of the following items, if picked by the pigeons, will
make the data of the experiment consistent?
a card with a big number four on it
a card with four purple circles on it
four diamond-shaped cards
four cards of different shapes and colors
Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.
Several vertebrate species can distinguish between, say, two and five bananas—but with the
exception of primates, they can’t grasp the numerical rules that would let them arrange their
piles of fruit from least to most. Now, new research suggests that pigeons, like primates,
can follow these abstract numerical rules. The study is in the journal Science.
Researchers trained pigeons with cards on which were pictures of one, two or three shapes,
sometimes in different sizes and colors. The birds were ultimately able to correctly pick a
card with one large green square first, followed by a card with two small red ovals,
followed by one showing three long blue rods.
Then, the pigeons demonstrated a new ability—faced with two cards each showing up to
nine images, they could tell which card had more, which indicates that they had an abstract
understanding of the single-digit amounts. Rhesus monkeys trained in a similar way
displayed the same talents. Whether this shared ability evolved independently or came from
a common ancestor is unclear. But it is clear that birdbrains aren’t so dumb.
In the third paragraph, the underlined word “which” refers to
the pigeon
the experiment
the car
the image
Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.
Several vertebrate species can distinguish between, say, two and five bananas—but with the
exception of primates, they can’t grasp the numerical rules that would let them arrange their
piles of fruit from least to most. Now, new research suggests that pigeons, like primates,
can follow these abstract numerical rules. The study is in the journal Science.
Researchers trained pigeons with cards on which were pictures of one, two or three shapes,
sometimes in different sizes and colors. The birds were ultimately able to correctly pick a
card with one large green square first, followed by a card with two small red ovals,
followed by one showing three long blue rods.
Then, the pigeons demonstrated a new ability—faced with two cards each showing up to
nine images, they could tell which card had more, which indicates that they had an abstract
understanding of the single-digit amounts. Rhesus monkeys trained in a similar way
displayed the same talents. Whether this shared ability evolved independently or came from
a common ancestor is unclear. But it is clear that birdbrains aren’t so dumb.
What may the researchers want to work on or to find out in future studies?
An improvement in collecting data
Possible applications of these findings
The difference between species
A source of this mental ability
Contagion: Controversy Erupts over Man-Made Pandemic Avian Flu Virus
It’s a rare kind of research that incites a frenzied panic before it’s even published. But it’s
flu season, and influenza science has a way of causing a stir this time of year.
Epidemiologists have long debated the pandemic potential of H5N1, a.k.a. avian bird flu.
On one hand, the virus spreads too inefficiently between humans to seem like much of a
threat: it has caused less than 600 known cases of human flu since first emerging in 1997.
On the other hand, when it does spread, it can be pretty deadly: nearly 60 percent of
infected humans died from the virus. For years now, the research has suggested that any
mutations that enhanced the virus’s ability to spread among humans would simultaneously
make it less deadly. But in a recent batch of as-yet-unpublished studies, two scientists-
Yoshihiro Kawaoka from the University of Wisconsin, Madison and Ron Fouchier of
Erasmus Medical Center, in the Netherlands – have shown otherwise.
Working separately, they each hit on a combination of mutations (five, in Dr. Fouchier’s
case) that makes H5N1 airborne (enabling it to spread readily between humans), without
making it less deadly. In laboratory experiments, ferrets infected with this mutant strain
passed it to other ferrets in nearby cages (ferrets are a common subject of flu studies
because they react to flu viruses in a similar way to humans). A significant proportion of
infected subjects died.
Efforts to publish those findings have been fraught. Critics say that making the
methodology or gene sequences widely available amounts to giving would-be bioterrorists
an easy recipe. They also worry that these manmade strains might escape from the lab.
Proponents counter that the threat of a global pandemic, were this mutated strain to arise in
nature, is far greater than the threat of bioterrorism. Understanding what combination of
mutations could transform H5N1 into a human pandemic virus, helps epidemiologists know
what to watch out for in the wild, and gives them a leg up on preparing countermeasures;
they can, for example, test existing H5N1 vaccines and antiviral drugs against the new
strain in the lab, before it actually emerges in the natural world.
Both papers are being reviewed by the National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity
(NSABB), which will then advise researchers and journal editors how to proceed. In the
meantime, most experts agree that we need a better way.
“This is not new for science,” says Michael Osterholm, director of the Center for Infectious
Disease Research and Policy at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities and a member of
the NSABB. “Physicists have been doing sensitive, classified, and need-to-know work for
70 years, including academic researchers. We have to find a way to do the same in the
health sciences, to work on agents that yield important information without compromising
our safety and security.”
Which characteristic of H5N1 is the biggest worry for epidemiologists?
its high mortality rate
its rate of spread
its ability to jump between species
its long dormant period
Contagion: Controversy Erupts over Man-Made Pandemic Avian Flu Virus
It’s a rare kind of research that incites a frenzied panic before it’s even published. But it’s
flu season, and influenza science has a way of causing a stir this time of year.
Epidemiologists have long debated the pandemic potential of H5N1, a.k.a. avian bird flu.
On one hand, the virus spreads too inefficiently between humans to seem like much of a
threat: it has caused less than 600 known cases of human flu since first emerging in 1997.
On the other hand, when it does spread, it can be pretty deadly: nearly 60 percent of
infected humans died from the virus. For years now, the research has suggested that any
mutations that enhanced the virus’s ability to spread among humans would simultaneously
make it less deadly. But in a recent batch of as-yet-unpublished studies, two scientists-
Yoshihiro Kawaoka from the University of Wisconsin, Madison and Ron Fouchier of
Erasmus Medical Center, in the Netherlands – have shown otherwise.
Working separately, they each hit on a combination of mutations (five, in Dr. Fouchier’s
case) that makes H5N1 airborne (enabling it to spread readily between humans), without
making it less deadly. In laboratory experiments, ferrets infected with this mutant strain
passed it to other ferrets in nearby cages (ferrets are a common subject of flu studies
because they react to flu viruses in a similar way to humans). A significant proportion of
infected subjects died.
Efforts to publish those findings have been fraught. Critics say that making the
methodology or gene sequences widely available amounts to giving would-be bioterrorists
an easy recipe. They also worry that these manmade strains might escape from the lab.
Proponents counter that the threat of a global pandemic, were this mutated strain to arise in
nature, is far greater than the threat of bioterrorism. Understanding what combination of
mutations could transform H5N1 into a human pandemic virus, helps epidemiologists know
what to watch out for in the wild, and gives them a leg up on preparing countermeasures;
they can, for example, test existing H5N1 vaccines and antiviral drugs against the new
strain in the lab, before it actually emerges in the natural world.
Both papers are being reviewed by the National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity
(NSABB), which will then advise researchers and journal editors how to proceed. In the
meantime, most experts agree that we need a better way.
“This is not new for science,” says Michael Osterholm, director of the Center for Infectious
Disease Research and Policy at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities and a member of
the NSABB. “Physicists have been doing sensitive, classified, and need-to-know work for
70 years, including academic researchers. We have to find a way to do the same in the
health sciences, to work on agents that yield important information without compromising
our safety and security.”
The underlined word “subjects” refers to
viruses
humans
ferrets
mutations
Contagion: Controversy Erupts over Man-Made Pandemic Avian Flu Virus
It’s a rare kind of research that incites a frenzied panic before it’s even published. But it’s
flu season, and influenza science has a way of causing a stir this time of year.
Epidemiologists have long debated the pandemic potential of H5N1, a.k.a. avian bird flu.
On one hand, the virus spreads too inefficiently between humans to seem like much of a
threat: it has caused less than 600 known cases of human flu since first emerging in 1997.
On the other hand, when it does spread, it can be pretty deadly: nearly 60 percent of
infected humans died from the virus. For years now, the research has suggested that any
mutations that enhanced the virus’s ability to spread among humans would simultaneously
make it less deadly. But in a recent batch of as-yet-unpublished studies, two scientists-
Yoshihiro Kawaoka from the University of Wisconsin, Madison and Ron Fouchier of
Erasmus Medical Center, in the Netherlands – have shown otherwise.
Working separately, they each hit on a combination of mutations (five, in Dr. Fouchier’s
case) that makes H5N1 airborne (enabling it to spread readily between humans), without
making it less deadly. In laboratory experiments, ferrets infected with this mutant strain
passed it to other ferrets in nearby cages (ferrets are a common subject of flu studies
because they react to flu viruses in a similar way to humans). A significant proportion of
infected subjects died.
Efforts to publish those findings have been fraught. Critics say that making the
methodology or gene sequences widely available amounts to giving would-be bioterrorists
an easy recipe. They also worry that these manmade strains might escape from the lab.
Proponents counter that the threat of a global pandemic, were this mutated strain to arise in
nature, is far greater than the threat of bioterrorism. Understanding what combination of
mutations could transform H5N1 into a human pandemic virus, helps epidemiologists know
what to watch out for in the wild, and gives them a leg up on preparing countermeasures;
they can, for example, test existing H5N1 vaccines and antiviral drugs against the new
strain in the lab, before it actually emerges in the natural world.
Both papers are being reviewed by the National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity
(NSABB), which will then advise researchers and journal editors how to proceed. In the
meantime, most experts agree that we need a better way.
“This is not new for science,” says Michael Osterholm, director of the Center for Infectious
Disease Research and Policy at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities and a member of
the NSABB. “Physicists have been doing sensitive, classified, and need-to-know work for
70 years, including academic researchers. We have to find a way to do the same in the
health sciences, to work on agents that yield important information without compromising
our safety and security.”
People not opposed to the publication of such research argue that
laboratory-made viruses are unlikely to survive in nature.
the usefulness of such knowledge outweighs any concern over bioterrorism.
causing a global pandemic is not what bioterrorists want to do.
scientists can test the effectiveness of the virus before it is released in nature.
Contagion: Controversy Erupts over Man-Made Pandemic Avian Flu Virus
It’s a rare kind of research that incites a frenzied panic before it’s even published. But it’s
flu season, and influenza science has a way of causing a stir this time of year.
Epidemiologists have long debated the pandemic potential of H5N1, a.k.a. avian bird flu.
On one hand, the virus spreads too inefficiently between humans to seem like much of a
threat: it has caused less than 600 known cases of human flu since first emerging in 1997.
On the other hand, when it does spread, it can be pretty deadly: nearly 60 percent of
infected humans died from the virus. For years now, the research has suggested that any
mutations that enhanced the virus’s ability to spread among humans would simultaneously
make it less deadly. But in a recent batch of as-yet-unpublished studies, two scientists-
Yoshihiro Kawaoka from the University of Wisconsin, Madison and Ron Fouchier of
Erasmus Medical Center, in the Netherlands – have shown otherwise.
Working separately, they each hit on a combination of mutations (five, in Dr. Fouchier’s
case) that makes H5N1 airborne (enabling it to spread readily between humans), without
making it less deadly. In laboratory experiments, ferrets infected with this mutant strain
passed it to other ferrets in nearby cages (ferrets are a common subject of flu studies
because they react to flu viruses in a similar way to humans). A significant proportion of
infected subjects died.
Efforts to publish those findings have been fraught. Critics say that making the
methodology or gene sequences widely available amounts to giving would-be bioterrorists
an easy recipe. They also worry that these manmade strains might escape from the lab.
Proponents counter that the threat of a global pandemic, were this mutated strain to arise in
nature, is far greater than the threat of bioterrorism. Understanding what combination of
mutations could transform H5N1 into a human pandemic virus, helps epidemiologists know
what to watch out for in the wild, and gives them a leg up on preparing countermeasures;
they can, for example, test existing H5N1 vaccines and antiviral drugs against the new
strain in the lab, before it actually emerges in the natural world.
Both papers are being reviewed by the National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity
(NSABB), which will then advise researchers and journal editors how to proceed. In the
meantime, most experts agree that we need a better way.
“This is not new for science,” says Michael Osterholm, director of the Center for Infectious
Disease Research and Policy at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities and a member of
the NSABB. “Physicists have been doing sensitive, classified, and need-to-know work for
70 years, including academic researchers. We have to find a way to do the same in the
health sciences, to work on agents that yield important information without compromising
our safety and security.”
In the article, the underlined word “classified” is closest in meaning to
undisclosed
categorized
controversial
hazardous
Contagion: Controversy Erupts over Man-Made Pandemic Avian Flu Virus
It’s a rare kind of research that incites a frenzied panic before it’s even published. But it’s
flu season, and influenza science has a way of causing a stir this time of year.
Epidemiologists have long debated the pandemic potential of H5N1, a.k.a. avian bird flu.
On one hand, the virus spreads too inefficiently between humans to seem like much of a
threat: it has caused less than 600 known cases of human flu since first emerging in 1997.
On the other hand, when it does spread, it can be pretty deadly: nearly 60 percent of
infected humans died from the virus. For years now, the research has suggested that any
mutations that enhanced the virus’s ability to spread among humans would simultaneously
make it less deadly. But in a recent batch of as-yet-unpublished studies, two scientists-
Yoshihiro Kawaoka from the University of Wisconsin, Madison and Ron Fouchier of
Erasmus Medical Center, in the Netherlands – have shown otherwise.
Working separately, they each hit on a combination of mutations (five, in Dr. Fouchier’s
case) that makes H5N1 airborne (enabling it to spread readily between humans), without
making it less deadly. In laboratory experiments, ferrets infected with this mutant strain
passed it to other ferrets in nearby cages (ferrets are a common subject of flu studies
because they react to flu viruses in a similar way to humans). A significant proportion of
infected subjects died.
Efforts to publish those findings have been fraught. Critics say that making the
methodology or gene sequences widely available amounts to giving would-be bioterrorists
an easy recipe. They also worry that these manmade strains might escape from the lab.
Proponents counter that the threat of a global pandemic, were this mutated strain to arise in
nature, is far greater than the threat of bioterrorism. Understanding what combination of
mutations could transform H5N1 into a human pandemic virus, helps epidemiologists know
what to watch out for in the wild, and gives them a leg up on preparing countermeasures;
they can, for example, test existing H5N1 vaccines and antiviral drugs against the new
strain in the lab, before it actually emerges in the natural world.
Both papers are being reviewed by the National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity
(NSABB), which will then advise researchers and journal editors how to proceed. In the
meantime, most experts agree that we need a better way.
“This is not new for science,” says Michael Osterholm, director of the Center for Infectious
Disease Research and Policy at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities and a member of
the NSABB. “Physicists have been doing sensitive, classified, and need-to-know work for
70 years, including academic researchers. We have to find a way to do the same in the
health sciences, to work on agents that yield important information without compromising
our safety and security.”
Which of the following statements might Michael Osterholm agree with?
Public objections to new technology are just normal panicked reactions.
Researchers have ultimate responsibility for the results of their research.
Advances in science still have to be made even though there are disputes and
controversies.
Research projects can be abandoned if they cause more harm than good to the
society.
Based on the examples in the first two paragraphs, which of the following words may
be the LEAST perplexing to the writer’s son?
heir
timid
elephant
tomb
In the second paragraph, the writer mentions “yacht, trough, colonel”
to serve as examples of words that sound differently than they are spelled
to show the progress her son has made in learning vocabulary
to explain that English words can be confusing due to their multiple meanings
to share her experience of teaching her son these strange words
Based on the article, the difficulty for a child to learn a language lies in
the number of commonly used words in a language.
the way a language is taught in the classroom.
the number of distinct sounds in the language.
the amount of exceptions in the language.
Based on the article, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A person may be considered dyslexic if he or she habitually uses vulgar language.
Compared with an English speaker, an Italian speaker is less likely to be dyslexic.
Dyslexia is more likely to happen in a conservative and repressive culture.
A phonetic language that has strict spelling rules is more likely to cause dyslexia.
According to the writer, Italian kids are less likely to suffer from dyslexia because
their culture doesn’t encourage rote memorization.
the predictability of the Italian language causes fewer problems.
a stricter definition of disability is adopted in Italy.
the proportion of illiterate people is very small.
Based on the article, which of the following statements is TRUE?
Noah Webster and Andrew Carnegie both failed in their attempt to make English
spellings more regular.
Noah Webster and Andrew Carnegie both contributed to the complexity of
contemporary English spellings.
Andrew Carnegie and Theodore Roosevelt were both examples of admirable
revolutionaries in their times.
Andrew Carnegie and Theodore Roosevelt both tried to initiate changes to English
spelling without much success.
Basing her observations on the chatspeak phenomenon, the writer predicts that
English will lose its dominant role in the world.
the richness of English literature may be gone forever.
a bottom-up change is taking place in English.
more American teenagers will not learn how to spell.
In the last paragraph, what philosophy underlies the writer’s final stance on this issue?
Parents should stimulate, not repress, creativity in young children.
Home is always the place where changes in history take place.
Sometimes rules are to be bent for pragmatic reasons.
Universal truth is merely an unrealistic human ambition.
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