In many slums, especially in poor countries, people live in small alleys that do not
allow vehicles to pass. The lack of services such as routine garbage collection allows
rubbish to _______ in huge quantities.
accumulate
consume
propose
refine
Knights believed in the code of chivalry. They promised to defend the weak, be
_______ to all women, be loyal to their king and serve God at all times.
biased
courteous
flamboyant
mandatory
Cats can't taste sweetness because they lack a functional gene for sweetness taste
receptors. But they do have genes for the receptors that _______ the umami flavor of
wide array of amino acids in protein.
admonish
bully
chastise
detect
Stress occurs when people perceive that the demands placed on them exceed their
ability to cope. While stress can at times be beneficial, an extreme amount of stress
can bring ______ health consequences.
adverse
chronological
euphoric
obsolete
Pine seeds are commonly eaten by birds and squirrels. Some birds, notably the Spotted
Nutcracker, Clark's Nutcracker and Pinyon Jay, are important in _______ pine seeds to
new areas.
corroding
distributing
obstructing
scrutinizing
Many marriages fall apart because either partner cannot imagine what the other wants
or cannot communicate what he or she needs or feels. Anger builds until it _______
into a volcanic burst that buries the marriage in ash.
eliminates
envisions
equates
erupts
One way to beat the afternoon slump at work is to clean your desk and clear out your
email inbox. Both are relatively mindless tasks that don't require great amounts of
or clear thinking and both will leave you feeling more .
concentration; energized
infection; deadly
lethargy; makeshift
paralysis; vicious
Among the Turkana of East Africa, a wife generally considers it an
economic advantage for her family to have co-wives. Women may even help their
husband find a new bride. They interview prospective wives to find one who will be
and hard working.
legendary; biodegradable
polygamous; compatible
perfectionist; mystique
restless; photosynthetic
People go to expensive spas hoping for in a few days. But to from
the body cholesterol and the effects of years of smoking and heavy drinking takes a lot
longer than a few days.
caution; compensate
fusion; escape
rejuvenation; purge
sizzle; remove
Dark, fierce and fanatical are these narrow streets of Marrakech market. The crowds
swarming in them are so that it is hardly possible to the tiny
space, where the merchants sit.
aggressive; attract
dense; approach
passive; waken
sentimental; reveal
That school choice is valuable is beyond dispute. That's (11) there's a
multi-billion dollar private school industry serving millions of students. Because
school choice is so dependent on financial means, students from well-off families are
much more likely to (12) schools that have both high quality and are
tailored to their specific educational needs. These are the same children who, studies
have shown, also (13) much more enriching education environments outside
of school than their less privileged (14) . In combination, this goes a long
way toward explaining the persistent educational achievement (15) between
rich and poor children.
11
all
how
somewhat
why
That school choice is valuable is beyond dispute. That's (11) there's a
multi-billion dollar private school industry serving millions of students. Because
school choice is so dependent on financial means, students from well-off families are
much more likely to (12) schools that have both high quality and are
tailored to their specific educational needs. These are the same children who, studies
have shown, also (13) much more enriching education environments outside
of school than their less privileged (14) . In combination, this goes a long
way toward explaining the persistent educational achievement (15) between
rich and poor children.
12
attend
celebrate
donate
pay
That school choice is valuable is beyond dispute. That's (11) there's a
multi-billion dollar private school industry serving millions of students. Because
school choice is so dependent on financial means, students from well-off families are
much more likely to (12) schools that have both high quality and are
tailored to their specific educational needs. These are the same children who, studies
have shown, also (13) much more enriching education environments outside
of school than their less privileged (14) . In combination, this goes a long
way toward explaining the persistent educational achievement (15) between
rich and poor children.
13
benefit
experience
ignore
lease
That school choice is valuable is beyond dispute. That's (11) there's a
multi-billion dollar private school industry serving millions of students. Because
school choice is so dependent on financial means, students from well-off families are
much more likely to (12) schools that have both high quality and are
tailored to their specific educational needs. These are the same children who, studies
have shown, also (13) much more enriching education environments outside
of school than their less privileged (14) . In combination, this goes a long
way toward explaining the persistent educational achievement (15) between
rich and poor children.
14
collapses
efforts
peers
virtues
That school choice is valuable is beyond dispute. That's (11) there's a
multi-billion dollar private school industry serving millions of students. Because
school choice is so dependent on financial means, students from well-off families are
much more likely to (12) schools that have both high quality and are
tailored to their specific educational needs. These are the same children who, studies
have shown, also (13) much more enriching education environments outside
of school than their less privileged (14) . In combination, this goes a long
way toward explaining the persistent educational achievement (15) between
rich and poor children.
15
flexibility
gap
institution
testing
Albert Einstein's first tour of America was an extravaganza unique in the history of
science and indeed would have been remarkable for any realm: a grand two-month
processional in the spring of 1921 that (16) the sort of mass frenzy and press
adulation that would thrill a touring rock star. Einstein had recently burst into global
stardom (17) observations performed during a total eclipse dramatically
confirmed his theory of relativity by showing that the sun's gravitational field bent a
light beam to the degree that he (18) . So when he arrived in New York in April,
he (19) by adoring throngs as the world's first scientific celebrity, one who
also happened to (20) a gentle icon of humanist values and a living patron
saint for Jews.
evoke
evoked
evoking
had evoking
Albert Einstein's first tour of America was an extravaganza unique in the history of
science and indeed would have been remarkable for any realm: a grand two-month
processional in the spring of 1921 that (16) the sort of mass frenzy and press
adulation that would thrill a touring rock star. Einstein had recently burst into global
stardom (17) observations performed during a total eclipse dramatically
confirmed his theory of relativity by showing that the sun's gravitational field bent a
light beam to the degree that he (18) . So when he arrived in New York in April,
he (19) by adoring throngs as the world's first scientific celebrity, one who
also happened to (20) a gentle icon of humanist values and a living patron
saint for Jews.
17
that
thereby
when
where
Albert Einstein's first tour of America was an extravaganza unique in the history of
science and indeed would have been remarkable for any realm: a grand two-month
processional in the spring of 1921 that (16) the sort of mass frenzy and press
adulation that would thrill a touring rock star. Einstein had recently burst into global
stardom (17) observations performed during a total eclipse dramatically
confirmed his theory of relativity by showing that the sun's gravitational field bent a
light beam to the degree that he (18) . So when he arrived in New York in April,
he (19) by adoring throngs as the world's first scientific celebrity, one who
also happened to (20) a gentle icon of humanist values and a living patron
saint for Jews.
18
predicted
has been predicted
has predicted
had predicted
Albert Einstein's first tour of America was an extravaganza unique in the history of
science and indeed would have been remarkable for any realm: a grand two-month
processional in the spring of 1921 that (16) the sort of mass frenzy and press
adulation that would thrill a touring rock star. Einstein had recently burst into global
stardom (17) observations performed during a total eclipse dramatically
confirmed his theory of relativity by showing that the sun's gravitational field bent a
light beam to the degree that he (18) . So when he arrived in New York in April,
he (19) by adoring throngs as the world's first scientific celebrity, one who
also happened to (20) a gentle icon of humanist values and a living patron
saint for Jews.
19
greeted
had greeted
was greeted
was greeting
Albert Einstein's first tour of America was an extravaganza unique in the history of
science and indeed would have been remarkable for any realm: a grand two-month
processional in the spring of 1921 that (16) the sort of mass frenzy and press
adulation that would thrill a touring rock star. Einstein had recently burst into global
stardom (17) observations performed during a total eclipse dramatically
confirmed his theory of relativity by showing that the sun's gravitational field bent a
light beam to the degree that he (18) . So when he arrived in New York in April,
he (19) by adoring throngs as the world's first scientific celebrity, one who
also happened to (20) a gentle icon of humanist values and a living patron
saint for Jews.
20
be
being
have been
have had
In Africa, while Arabic was the language of the Qur'an, as well as of the discourses of
the several schools of Islamic law, it could not (21) every institutional and
literary need of the region's powerful and politically complex empires. In traditional
medical books, for example, you will often find the text written in two (22) of
script, Arabic and Ajami. The main text may be in Arabic, (23) you usually
have commentaries and the names of local plants and local medicines written in Ajami.
Writers of Ajami modified the Arabic alphabet, often creating new letters. (24)
of Ajami did was to add dots above or below letters that were their closest Arabic
counterparts. Collectively, all of these (25) became known as Ajami—the
scripts of African medical texts, botanical surveys, works on the occult and astronomy,
political, commercial and personal correspondence and religious texts written well (26)
the early 20th century.
21
meet
nullify
require
worsen
In Africa, while Arabic was the language of the Qur'an, as well as of the discourses of
the several schools of Islamic law, it could not (21) every institutional and
literary need of the region's powerful and politically complex empires. In traditional
medical books, for example, you will often find the text written in two (22) of
script, Arabic and Ajami. The main text may be in Arabic, (23) you usually
have commentaries and the names of local plants and local medicines written in Ajami.
Writers of Ajami modified the Arabic alphabet, often creating new letters. (24)
of Ajami did was to add dots above or below letters that were their closest Arabic
counterparts. Collectively, all of these (25) became known as Ajami—the
scripts of African medical texts, botanical surveys, works on the occult and astronomy,
political, commercial and personal correspondence and religious texts written well (26)
the early 20th century.
22
accounts
bifocals
layers
perspectives
In Africa, while Arabic was the language of the Qur'an, as well as of the discourses of
the several schools of Islamic law, it could not (21) every institutional and
literary need of the region's powerful and politically complex empires. In traditional
medical books, for example, you will often find the text written in two (22) of
script, Arabic and Ajami. The main text may be in Arabic, (23) you usually
have commentaries and the names of local plants and local medicines written in Ajami.
Writers of Ajami modified the Arabic alphabet, often creating new letters. (24)
of Ajami did was to add dots above or below letters that were their closest Arabic
counterparts. Collectively, all of these (25) became known as Ajami—the
scripts of African medical texts, botanical surveys, works on the occult and astronomy,
political, commercial and personal correspondence and religious texts written well (26)
the early 20th century.
23
as usual
but
lest
typically
In Africa, while Arabic was the language of the Qur'an, as well as of the discourses of
the several schools of Islamic law, it could not (21) every institutional and
literary need of the region's powerful and politically complex empires. In traditional
medical books, for example, you will often find the text written in two (22) of
script, Arabic and Ajami. The main text may be in Arabic, (23) you usually
have commentaries and the names of local plants and local medicines written in Ajami.
Writers of Ajami modified the Arabic alphabet, often creating new letters. (24)
of Ajami did was to add dots above or below letters that were their closest Arabic
counterparts. Collectively, all of these (25) became known as Ajami—the
scripts of African medical texts, botanical surveys, works on the occult and astronomy,
political, commercial and personal correspondence and religious texts written well (26)
the early 20th century.
24
Every writer
Most writers
No writers
What the writers
In Africa, while Arabic was the language of the Qur'an, as well as of the discourses of
the several schools of Islamic law, it could not (21) every institutional and
literary need of the region's powerful and politically complex empires. In traditional
medical books, for example, you will often find the text written in two (22) of
script, Arabic and Ajami. The main text may be in Arabic, (23) you usually
have commentaries and the names of local plants and local medicines written in Ajami.
Writers of Ajami modified the Arabic alphabet, often creating new letters. (24)
of Ajami did was to add dots above or below letters that were their closest Arabic
counterparts. Collectively, all of these (25) became known as Ajami—the
scripts of African medical texts, botanical surveys, works on the occult and astronomy,
political, commercial and personal correspondence and religious texts written well (26)
the early 20th century.
25
adaptations
divisions
quests
rivals
In Africa, while Arabic was the language of the Qur'an, as well as of the discourses of
the several schools of Islamic law, it could not (21) every institutional and
literary need of the region's powerful and politically complex empires. In traditional
medical books, for example, you will often find the text written in two (22) of
script, Arabic and Ajami. The main text may be in Arabic, (23) you usually
have commentaries and the names of local plants and local medicines written in Ajami.
Writers of Ajami modified the Arabic alphabet, often creating new letters. (24)
of Ajami did was to add dots above or below letters that were their closest Arabic
counterparts. Collectively, all of these (25) became known as Ajami—the
scripts of African medical texts, botanical surveys, works on the occult and astronomy,
political, commercial and personal correspondence and religious texts written well (26)
the early 20th century.
26
for
into
unlike
without
Monarchs publicly argued that coffee was poison for the bodies and souls of their
subjects, but their real concern was political. Coffee has a tendency to loosen people's
imaginations and mouths and inventive, chatty citizens (27) dictators.
According to one story, an Ottoman Grand Vizier secretly visited a coffeehouse in
Istanbul. He observed that the people drinking alcohol would just get drunk and sing
and be jolly, (28) the people drinking coffee remained sober and plotted
against the government. Coffee also fueled (29) —not just in the Ottoman
Empire but all through the Western world. The French and American Revolutions were
planned, in part, in the dark corners of coffeehouses. In Germany, a fearful Frederick
the Great demanded that Germans (30) from coffee to beer. He sent soldiers
(31) through the streets, searching for the slightest whiff of the illegal bean. In
England, King Charles II issued an order to (32) all coffeehouses after he
traced some clever but seditious poetry to them.
27
deliver
recreate
scare
transplant
Monarchs publicly argued that coffee was poison for the bodies and souls of their
subjects, but their real concern was political. Coffee has a tendency to loosen people's
imaginations and mouths and inventive, chatty citizens (27) dictators.
According to one story, an Ottoman Grand Vizier secretly visited a coffeehouse in
Istanbul. He observed that the people drinking alcohol would just get drunk and sing
and be jolly, (28) the people drinking coffee remained sober and plotted
against the government. Coffee also fueled (29) —not just in the Ottoman
Empire but all through the Western world. The French and American Revolutions were
planned, in part, in the dark corners of coffeehouses. In Germany, a fearful Frederick
the Great demanded that Germans (30) from coffee to beer. He sent soldiers
(31) through the streets, searching for the slightest whiff of the illegal bean. In
England, King Charles II issued an order to (32) all coffeehouses after he
traced some clever but seditious poetry to them.
28
all
like
none
whereas
Monarchs publicly argued that coffee was poison for the bodies and souls of their
subjects, but their real concern was political. Coffee has a tendency to loosen people's
imaginations and mouths and inventive, chatty citizens (27) dictators.
According to one story, an Ottoman Grand Vizier secretly visited a coffeehouse in
Istanbul. He observed that the people drinking alcohol would just get drunk and sing
and be jolly, (28) the people drinking coffee remained sober and plotted
against the government. Coffee also fueled (29) —not just in the Ottoman
Empire but all through the Western world. The French and American Revolutions were
planned, in part, in the dark corners of coffeehouses. In Germany, a fearful Frederick
the Great demanded that Germans (30) from coffee to beer. He sent soldiers
(31) through the streets, searching for the slightest whiff of the illegal bean. In
England, King Charles II issued an order to (32) all coffeehouses after he
traced some clever but seditious poetry to them.
29
asymmetry
dissent
moisture
permission
Monarchs publicly argued that coffee was poison for the bodies and souls of their
subjects, but their real concern was political. Coffee has a tendency to loosen people's
imaginations and mouths and inventive, chatty citizens (27) dictators.
According to one story, an Ottoman Grand Vizier secretly visited a coffeehouse in
Istanbul. He observed that the people drinking alcohol would just get drunk and sing
and be jolly, (28) the people drinking coffee remained sober and plotted
against the government. Coffee also fueled (29) —not just in the Ottoman
Empire but all through the Western world. The French and American Revolutions were
planned, in part, in the dark corners of coffeehouses. In Germany, a fearful Frederick
the Great demanded that Germans (30) from coffee to beer. He sent soldiers
(31) through the streets, searching for the slightest whiff of the illegal bean. In
England, King Charles II issued an order to (32) all coffeehouses after he
traced some clever but seditious poetry to them.
30
switch
switched
switching
to switch
Monarchs publicly argued that coffee was poison for the bodies and souls of their
subjects, but their real concern was political. Coffee has a tendency to loosen people's
imaginations and mouths and inventive, chatty citizens (27) dictators.
According to one story, an Ottoman Grand Vizier secretly visited a coffeehouse in
Istanbul. He observed that the people drinking alcohol would just get drunk and sing
and be jolly, (28) the people drinking coffee remained sober and plotted
against the government. Coffee also fueled (29) —not just in the Ottoman
Empire but all through the Western world. The French and American Revolutions were
planned, in part, in the dark corners of coffeehouses. In Germany, a fearful Frederick
the Great demanded that Germans (30) from coffee to beer. He sent soldiers
(31) through the streets, searching for the slightest whiff of the illegal bean. In
England, King Charles II issued an order to (32) all coffeehouses after he
traced some clever but seditious poetry to them.
31
consulting
lifting
sniffing
stimulating
Monarchs publicly argued that coffee was poison for the bodies and souls of their
subjects, but their real concern was political. Coffee has a tendency to loosen people's
imaginations and mouths and inventive, chatty citizens (27) dictators.
According to one story, an Ottoman Grand Vizier secretly visited a coffeehouse in
Istanbul. He observed that the people drinking alcohol would just get drunk and sing
and be jolly, (28) the people drinking coffee remained sober and plotted
against the government. Coffee also fueled (29) —not just in the Ottoman
Empire but all through the Western world. The French and American Revolutions were
planned, in part, in the dark corners of coffeehouses. In Germany, a fearful Frederick
the Great demanded that Germans (30) from coffee to beer. He sent soldiers
(31) through the streets, searching for the slightest whiff of the illegal bean. In
England, King Charles II issued an order to (32) all coffeehouses after he
traced some clever but seditious poetry to them.
32
break even
give up
invest in
shut down
For the past 30 years, botanist Nicholas Money has studied the microorganisms
that most people associate with bad smells, itchy toes, damp basements and rotten
food. A renowned fungal researcher at Miami University in Ohio, Money has devoted
his career to studying indoor molds, fungal movements and the mysterious world of
mycology.
In his book Mushroom, Money explores the history and science behind the fungal
organisms that appear overnight on lawns, are occasionally poisonous and sometimes
end up in our medications and on our dinner plates. But not every fungus among us
produces mushrooms, he says. The term "mushroom" is used to describe the fruiting
body of various types of mostly gilled fungi, with or without stems. (Gills are the
papery, riblike ridges under the cap of some mushrooms.)
Mushrooms sometimes grow in places you really don't want to see them: on
ceilings and in basements, in bathrooms and in crawl spaces. Money says one of the
most alarming places he ever saw a mushroom was in the back of a person's throat.
'This was actually photographed in some very unfortunate individual whose immune
system was really crashing," he says. "A mushroom growing in that area is something
none of us want to experience."
Mushrooms grow everywhere, says Money, because fungal spores are literally
everywhere. All they need is a food source — which can come from any damp place.
"Every breath that we take — from first gasp to last breath — we're inhaling fungal
spores," he says. 'They're always available, they're always in the air and they're always
trying to exploit the opportunities to grow and reproduce."
Mushrooms are fungal sex organs and they have a strange way of reproducing.
It's hard to see with the naked eye, so Money takes ultra high-speed video of
mushrooms releasing their spores from their fertile surfaces. He then slows down the
tape to watch what happens next. It's a good thing he does: Individual mushrooms can
release as many as 30,000 spores a second and billions of spores in a day.
"The mechanism in mushrooms involves tiny droplets of fluid that are about the
same size of the spore and they condense on the spore surface under wet conditions
and then they coalesce — they jump together — very, very swiftly," he says. 'This is
on a time scale of millionths of a second. And it's that very fast movement in the center
of the structure that kicks the spores into the air. It really is extraordinary."
Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
"Edible vs. Poisonous Mushrooms"
"How to Study Mushrooms with High-speed Videos"
"The Man Who Studies the Fungus among Us"
"The Science of Fungal Organisms"
For the past 30 years, botanist Nicholas Money has studied the microorganisms
that most people associate with bad smells, itchy toes, damp basements and rotten
food. A renowned fungal researcher at Miami University in Ohio, Money has devoted
his career to studying indoor molds, fungal movements and the mysterious world of
mycology.
In his book Mushroom, Money explores the history and science behind the fungal
organisms that appear overnight on lawns, are occasionally poisonous and sometimes
end up in our medications and on our dinner plates. But not every fungus among us
produces mushrooms, he says. The term "mushroom" is used to describe the fruiting
body of various types of mostly gilled fungi, with or without stems. (Gills are the
papery, riblike ridges under the cap of some mushrooms.)
Mushrooms sometimes grow in places you really don't want to see them: on
ceilings and in basements, in bathrooms and in crawl spaces. Money says one of the
most alarming places he ever saw a mushroom was in the back of a person's throat.
'This was actually photographed in some very unfortunate individual whose immune
system was really crashing," he says. "A mushroom growing in that area is something
none of us want to experience."
Mushrooms grow everywhere, says Money, because fungal spores are literally
everywhere. All they need is a food source — which can come from any damp place.
"Every breath that we take — from first gasp to last breath — we're inhaling fungal
spores," he says. 'They're always available, they're always in the air and they're always
trying to exploit the opportunities to grow and reproduce."
Mushrooms are fungal sex organs and they have a strange way of reproducing.
It's hard to see with the naked eye, so Money takes ultra high-speed video of
mushrooms releasing their spores from their fertile surfaces. He then slows down the
tape to watch what happens next. It's a good thing he does: Individual mushrooms can
release as many as 30,000 spores a second and billions of spores in a day.
"The mechanism in mushrooms involves tiny droplets of fluid that are about the
same size of the spore and they condense on the spore surface under wet conditions
and then they coalesce — they jump together — very, very swiftly," he says. 'This is
on a time scale of millionths of a second. And it's that very fast movement in the center
of the structure that kicks the spores into the air. It really is extraordinary."
According to Money, which is one of the most alarming areas to find a mushroom
growing?
A patient's photograph.
Damp bathrooms.
Itchy toes.
The back of a person's throat.
For the past 30 years, botanist Nicholas Money has studied the microorganisms
that most people associate with bad smells, itchy toes, damp basements and rotten
food. A renowned fungal researcher at Miami University in Ohio, Money has devoted
his career to studying indoor molds, fungal movements and the mysterious world of
mycology.
In his book Mushroom, Money explores the history and science behind the fungal
organisms that appear overnight on lawns, are occasionally poisonous and sometimes
end up in our medications and on our dinner plates. But not every fungus among us
produces mushrooms, he says. The term "mushroom" is used to describe the fruiting
body of various types of mostly gilled fungi, with or without stems. (Gills are the
papery, riblike ridges under the cap of some mushrooms.)
Mushrooms sometimes grow in places you really don't want to see them: on
ceilings and in basements, in bathrooms and in crawl spaces. Money says one of the
most alarming places he ever saw a mushroom was in the back of a person's throat.
'This was actually photographed in some very unfortunate individual whose immune
system was really crashing," he says. "A mushroom growing in that area is something
none of us want to experience."
Mushrooms grow everywhere, says Money, because fungal spores are literally
everywhere. All they need is a food source — which can come from any damp place.
"Every breath that we take — from first gasp to last breath — we're inhaling fungal
spores," he says. 'They're always available, they're always in the air and they're always
trying to exploit the opportunities to grow and reproduce."
Mushrooms are fungal sex organs and they have a strange way of reproducing.
It's hard to see with the naked eye, so Money takes ultra high-speed video of
mushrooms releasing their spores from their fertile surfaces. He then slows down the
tape to watch what happens next. It's a good thing he does: Individual mushrooms can
release as many as 30,000 spores a second and billions of spores in a day.
"The mechanism in mushrooms involves tiny droplets of fluid that are about the
same size of the spore and they condense on the spore surface under wet conditions
and then they coalesce — they jump together — very, very swiftly," he says. 'This is
on a time scale of millionths of a second. And it's that very fast movement in the center
of the structure that kicks the spores into the air. It really is extraordinary."
Which statement about fungi is FALSE?
All fungi produce mushrooms.
Fungi grow everywhere, even within human bodies.
Mushrooms reproduce by releasing a large number of spores.
Some mushrooms can be used in medications.
For the past 30 years, botanist Nicholas Money has studied the microorganisms
that most people associate with bad smells, itchy toes, damp basements and rotten
food. A renowned fungal researcher at Miami University in Ohio, Money has devoted
his career to studying indoor molds, fungal movements and the mysterious world of
mycology.
In his book Mushroom, Money explores the history and science behind the fungal
organisms that appear overnight on lawns, are occasionally poisonous and sometimes
end up in our medications and on our dinner plates. But not every fungus among us
produces mushrooms, he says. The term "mushroom" is used to describe the fruiting
body of various types of mostly gilled fungi, with or without stems. (Gills are the
papery, riblike ridges under the cap of some mushrooms.)
Mushrooms sometimes grow in places you really don't want to see them: on
ceilings and in basements, in bathrooms and in crawl spaces. Money says one of the
most alarming places he ever saw a mushroom was in the back of a person's throat.
'This was actually photographed in some very unfortunate individual whose immune
system was really crashing," he says. "A mushroom growing in that area is something
none of us want to experience."
Mushrooms grow everywhere, says Money, because fungal spores are literally
everywhere. All they need is a food source — which can come from any damp place.
"Every breath that we take — from first gasp to last breath — we're inhaling fungal
spores," he says. 'They're always available, they're always in the air and they're always
trying to exploit the opportunities to grow and reproduce."
Mushrooms are fungal sex organs and they have a strange way of reproducing.
It's hard to see with the naked eye, so Money takes ultra high-speed video of
mushrooms releasing their spores from their fertile surfaces. He then slows down the
tape to watch what happens next. It's a good thing he does: Individual mushrooms can
release as many as 30,000 spores a second and billions of spores in a day.
"The mechanism in mushrooms involves tiny droplets of fluid that are about the
same size of the spore and they condense on the spore surface under wet conditions
and then they coalesce — they jump together — very, very swiftly," he says. 'This is
on a time scale of millionths of a second. And it's that very fast movement in the center
of the structure that kicks the spores into the air. It really is extraordinary."
Which word in the following has the closest meaning to "coalesce" (line 2 of the last
paragraph)?
combine
improve
move
sprinkle
The Personal Genome Project is an initiative in basic research, not personal
discovery. Yet the technological advance making it possible – the plunging cost of
genome sequencing – will soon give people an unprecedented opportunity to
contemplate their own biological and even psychological makeups. We have entered
the era of consumer genetics. At one end of the price range you can get a complete
sequence and analysis of your genome from Knome (often pronounced “know me”)
for $99,500. At the other you can get a sample of traits, disease risks and ancestry data
from 23andMe for $399. The science journal Nature listed “Personal Genomics Goes
Mainstream” as a top news story of 2008.
Like the early days of the Internet, the dawn of personal genomics promises
benefits and pitfalls. It could usher in an era of personalized medicine, in which drug
regimens are customized for a patient’s biochemistry rather than juggled through trial
and error and screening and prevention measures are aimed at those who are most at
risk. It opens up niche for bottom-feeding companies to terrify hypochondriacs by
turning dubious probabilities into Genes of Doom. [a] Depending on who has access
to the information, personal genomics could bring about national health insurance
because piecemeal insurance is not viable in a world in which insurers can cherry-pick
the most risk-free customers or in which at-risk customers can load up on lavish
insurance.
The pitfalls of personal genomics have already made it a subject of government
attention. In 2008 President Bush signed the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination
Act, outlawing discrimination in employment and health insurance based on genetic
data. [b] And the states of California and New York took action against the
direct-to-consumer companies, arguing that what they provide are medical tests and
thus can be ordered only by a doctor.
With the genome no less than with the Internet, information wants to be free and I
doubt that paternalistic measures can stifle the industry for long. [c] The human mind
is prone to essentialism — the intuition that living things house some hidden substance
that gives them their form and determines their powers. Over the past century, this
essence has become increasingly concrete. Growing out of early, vague idea that traits
are "in the blood," the essence became identified with the abstractions discovered by
Gregor Mendel called genes and then with the iconic double helix of DNA. But DNA
has long been an invisible molecule accessible only to a white-coated priesthood.
Today, for the price of a flat-screen TV, people can read their essence as a printout
detailing their very own A's, C's, Ts and G's. [d]
According to the passage, which statement about the purpose of "The Personal
Genome Project" is TRUE?
The purpose of the project is to make personal genomics available on the Internet.
The project is to promote personal genomics for commercial purposes.
The project aims to help average people compile family histories.
The project is a mission to identify the human DNA sequence organization.
The Personal Genome Project is an initiative in basic research, not personal
discovery. Yet the technological advance making it possible – the plunging cost of
genome sequencing – will soon give people an unprecedented opportunity to
contemplate their own biological and even psychological makeups. We have entered
the era of consumer genetics. At one end of the price range you can get a complete
sequence and analysis of your genome from Knome (often pronounced “know me”)
for $99,500. At the other you can get a sample of traits, disease risks and ancestry data
from 23andMe for $399. The science journal Nature listed “Personal Genomics Goes
Mainstream” as a top news story of 2008.
Like the early days of the Internet, the dawn of personal genomics promises
benefits and pitfalls. It could usher in an era of personalized medicine, in which drug
regimens are customized for a patient’s biochemistry rather than juggled through trial
and error and screening and prevention measures are aimed at those who are most at
risk. It opens up niche for bottom-feeding companies to terrify hypochondriacs by
turning dubious probabilities into Genes of Doom. [a] Depending on who has access
to the information, personal genomics could bring about national health insurance
because piecemeal insurance is not viable in a world in which insurers can cherry-pick
the most risk-free customers or in which at-risk customers can load up on lavish
insurance.
The pitfalls of personal genomics have already made it a subject of government
attention. In 2008 President Bush signed the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination
Act, outlawing discrimination in employment and health insurance based on genetic
data. [b] And the states of California and New York took action against the
direct-to-consumer companies, arguing that what they provide are medical tests and
thus can be ordered only by a doctor.
With the genome no less than with the Internet, information wants to be free and I
doubt that paternalistic measures can stifle the industry for long. [c] The human mind
is prone to essentialism — the intuition that living things house some hidden substance
that gives them their form and determines their powers. Over the past century, this
essence has become increasingly concrete. Growing out of early, vague idea that traits
are "in the blood," the essence became identified with the abstractions discovered by
Gregor Mendel called genes and then with the iconic double helix of DNA. But DNA
has long been an invisible molecule accessible only to a white-coated priesthood.
Today, for the price of a flat-screen TV, people can read their essence as a printout
detailing their very own A's, C's, Ts and G's. [d]
What does the phrase "paternalistic measures" (line 2 of the last paragraph) refer to?
The government attempts to analyze the structure of DNA.
The health insurance policies which become increasingly concrete over the years.
The legislation that intends to give protection to one's genetic information.
The technological advancement that enables researchers to scan DNA.
The Personal Genome Project is an initiative in basic research, not personal
discovery. Yet the technological advance making it possible – the plunging cost of
genome sequencing – will soon give people an unprecedented opportunity to
contemplate their own biological and even psychological makeups. We have entered
the era of consumer genetics. At one end of the price range you can get a complete
sequence and analysis of your genome from Knome (often pronounced “know me”)
for $99,500. At the other you can get a sample of traits, disease risks and ancestry data
from 23andMe for $399. The science journal Nature listed “Personal Genomics Goes
Mainstream” as a top news story of 2008.
Like the early days of the Internet, the dawn of personal genomics promises
benefits and pitfalls. It could usher in an era of personalized medicine, in which drug
regimens are customized for a patient’s biochemistry rather than juggled through trial
and error and screening and prevention measures are aimed at those who are most at
risk. It opens up niche for bottom-feeding companies to terrify hypochondriacs by
turning dubious probabilities into Genes of Doom. [a] Depending on who has access
to the information, personal genomics could bring about national health insurance
because piecemeal insurance is not viable in a world in which insurers can cherry-pick
the most risk-free customers or in which at-risk customers can load up on lavish
insurance.
The pitfalls of personal genomics have already made it a subject of government
attention. In 2008 President Bush signed the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination
Act, outlawing discrimination in employment and health insurance based on genetic
data. [b] And the states of California and New York took action against the
direct-to-consumer companies, arguing that what they provide are medical tests and
thus can be ordered only by a doctor.
With the genome no less than with the Internet, information wants to be free and I
doubt that paternalistic measures can stifle the industry for long. [c] The human mind
is prone to essentialism — the intuition that living things house some hidden substance
that gives them their form and determines their powers. Over the past century, this
essence has become increasingly concrete. Growing out of early, vague idea that traits
are "in the blood," the essence became identified with the abstractions discovered by
Gregor Mendel called genes and then with the iconic double helix of DNA. But DNA
has long been an invisible molecule accessible only to a white-coated priesthood.
Today, for the price of a flat-screen TV, people can read their essence as a printout
detailing their very own A's, C's, Ts and G's. [d]
What does the author suggest when he says that "the human mind is prone to
essentialism"?
All the secrets of personality traits are hidden in blood cells.
Development in personalized medicine brings new hopes to people with genetic
diseases.
The knowledge of genomes is essential in understanding human psychology.
People tend to believe that their genomes determine who they are.
The Personal Genome Project is an initiative in basic research, not personal
discovery. Yet the technological advance making it possible – the plunging cost of
genome sequencing – will soon give people an unprecedented opportunity to
contemplate their own biological and even psychological makeups. We have entered
the era of consumer genetics. At one end of the price range you can get a complete
sequence and analysis of your genome from Knome (often pronounced “know me”)
for $99,500. At the other you can get a sample of traits, disease risks and ancestry data
from 23andMe for $399. The science journal Nature listed “Personal Genomics Goes
Mainstream” as a top news story of 2008.
Like the early days of the Internet, the dawn of personal genomics promises
benefits and pitfalls. It could usher in an era of personalized medicine, in which drug
regimens are customized for a patient’s biochemistry rather than juggled through trial
and error and screening and prevention measures are aimed at those who are most at
risk. It opens up niche for bottom-feeding companies to terrify hypochondriacs by
turning dubious probabilities into Genes of Doom. [a] Depending on who has access
to the information, personal genomics could bring about national health insurance
because piecemeal insurance is not viable in a world in which insurers can cherry-pick
the most risk-free customers or in which at-risk customers can load up on lavish
insurance.
The pitfalls of personal genomics have already made it a subject of government
attention. In 2008 President Bush signed the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination
Act, outlawing discrimination in employment and health insurance based on genetic
data. [b] And the states of California and New York took action against the
direct-to-consumer companies, arguing that what they provide are medical tests and
thus can be ordered only by a doctor.
With the genome no less than with the Internet, information wants to be free and I
doubt that paternalistic measures can stifle the industry for long. [c] The human mind
is prone to essentialism — the intuition that living things house some hidden substance
that gives them their form and determines their powers. Over the past century, this
essence has become increasingly concrete. Growing out of early, vague idea that traits
are "in the blood," the essence became identified with the abstractions discovered by
Gregor Mendel called genes and then with the iconic double helix of DNA. But DNA
has long been an invisible molecule accessible only to a white-coated priesthood.
Today, for the price of a flat-screen TV, people can read their essence as a printout
detailing their very own A's, C's, Ts and G's. [d]
Which is the best place in the passage to insert the following sentence?
"For better or for worse, people will want to know about their genomes. "
[a]
[b]
[c]
[d]
說明: 請依下面提示,寫一篇至少150 字的英文作文。
說明: A role model is an admirable person who possesses the qualities that you
would like to have. He or she may help you become the person you want to
be or inspire you to make a difference. Describe someone in your field who
serves as a role model in your life. Explain why you chose this person to be
your role model and how he or she has influenced you.
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