能源、原物料價格在去年(2008) 7 月衝到頂點之前,「停滯性通貨膨脹」(失業率
與物價「雙漲」的情況)早已在台灣的經濟體系內蠢蠢欲動;新政府2008 年5
月20 日上任後,經濟部長馬上「宣告」石油價格會在6 月2 日一次漲足,此一
經濟政策可望壓制失業率與物價「雙漲」的問題。
由於金融海嘯的狂掃,美國股市和房價暴跌,根據「節儉的矛盾」(paradox of thrift)
論述,民眾開始縮衣節食,增加儲蓄,對已陷入疲軟的美國經濟復甦,有極佳的
助力。
金融海嘯狂掃全球,全球通貨緊縮的狂潮來襲,各國紛紛降息以對,經濟體系似
乎已進入Keynes 所強調的流動性陷阱狀態。此時,強調貨幣具有信用面(credit
view)傳遞過程的學者認為,政府除了增加公共投資之外,增加再多的貨幣供給,
對蕭條經濟的復甦仍然於事無補。
導傳自美國的金融海嘯,使全球經濟進入通貨緊縮的狀態,所以台灣這波失業潮
絕大部份是屬於結構性失業,就學理上而言,政府可透過擴張性的財政及貨幣政
策,例如增加政府公共投資及社會救濟等是正確的方向。
國際貨幣基金(IMF)的經濟專家認為:「經過金融海嘯的洗禮後,這一波的經濟大
蕭條在預見的未來仍未探底,可能要等到2010 年初以後經濟的復甦才會見的曙
光」。假定IMF 的經濟專家對上述的推測為真,目前我們看到各國(特別是以出
口導向的國家;例如,南韓及台灣等)貨幣相競貶值,就學理上而言,在這大蕭
條現實的狀態下,因為本國貨幣的巨貶可促進本國對國外的輸出,而增加本國的
有效需求,進而使本國的經濟復甦。
Friedman measured “permanent” income by assuming that people adjusted their
consumption on the basis of
I. an “error learning” process with respect to their expected income.
II. an adaptive expectation formation of their expected income.
III. transitory income and the level of income expected over a period of years in the
future.
I
II
II and III
I and III
I、II and III
Market prices are used to measure each final good included in the GDP. Therefore, the
GDP _______ well-being if _______ .
overstates; pollution results when the good is produced.
understates; pollution results when the good is produced.
exactly states; even though pollution results when the good is produced
overstates; rich people buy the good
understates; poor people buy the good
Assume that the level of autonomous consumption in an economy equals 400, the
level of planned investment = 200, G = 0 , T = 0 , NX = 0 , and the marginal
propensity to consume is 0.6. What is the level of consumption when the level of
income equals 2,000?
600
1,000
1,400
1,600
1,800
the interest rate first rises to 7.5% and Y to 3,500.
the interest rate first rises to 7.5% then falls to 5%.
Y rises to 4,000 as interest rates remain stable
the economy moves from point G to C , to F then D .
none of above.
Suppose we have an economy in which government expenditure (G) = 1100 , tax rate
(t) = 0.26 , output (Y) = 3800 , and natural output ( N ) 4000 Y = . The natural
employment deficit is _______ .
840
286
60
200
−112
Suppose that the Taiwan’s authority devalues the NT dollar by 10% and maintains the
new rate by intervening in the foreign exchange market. The _______ of _______ will _______ ,
ceteris paribus.
supply; NT$; increase
demand; NT$; decrease
supply; NT$; be unchanged
supply; foreign currencies; increase
demand; foreign currencies; decrease
According to Pigou, the Keynesian dilemma of a vertical AD curve is not a dilemma at
all because the demand for commodities depends directly on the level of real balances.
Thus, the
IS curve would shift to the left whenever the price level falls.
LM curve would shift to the right whenever the price level falls.
AD curve would shift to the left whenever the price level falls.
AD curve would shift to the right whenever the price level falls.
AD curve would always have a negative slope.
Change in “total factor productivity” may be explained by
I. the relative rates of growh of crime and pollution control measures.
II. changes in the scale of production.
III. changes in the quality and composition of the labor force.
IV. changes in the quality and composition of the capital stock.
I
II
III
II and III
II、III and IV
Which of the following policies have been suggested as ways to boost the growth of
productivity?
I. tax cuts to boost saving and investment
II. reducing the budget deficit by raising taxes and cutting expenditures
III. increasing public investment in education
IV. redesigning and scaling back the regulatory apparatus of the federal governmen
I、III and IV
I、II、III and IV
I and III
I and II
I
The use of bar codes, computerized price lists, and scanners in supermarkets is an
example of
menu costs.
implicit contracts.
efficiency pricing.
all of the above
none of the above.
In the RBC model, an adverse supply shock causes the decrease in natural real GDP to
be minimized when the labor supply curve is
downward sloping and extremely flat.
downward sloping.
upward-sloping.
vertical.
flat.
replacement investment is not determined by actual sales.
expected sales lag actual sales and net investment is determined by expected sales.
actual sales lag expected sales and net investment is determined by expected sales.
expected sales lead actual sales and net investment is determined by expected
sales.
none of the above.
A principle difference between the original Keynesian model and the new Keynesian
model is that in the new version
I. consumer has a forward looking behavior.
II. monetary policy is impotent.
III. wages and prices adjust endogenously and slowly to market conditions.
IV. the traditional assumptions of profit maximization is no longer included.
I
I and II
I and III
I and IV
I、II and III
A supply shock, such as the OPEC oil-price increases in 1973 and in the 2008,
I. can lead to accelerating inflation, if an accommodation policy tries to maintain the
pre-shock level of real GDP.
II. will cause lower real wages in long-run equilibrium.
III. will reduce the natural level of real GDP.
IV. will cause higher unemployment rate in shot-run equilibrium.
I and II
I and III
II and III
II and IV
II、III and IV
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